{"id":63382,"date":"2015-05-31T11:04:26","date_gmt":"2015-05-31T03:04:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=63382"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:11:05","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:11:05","slug":"%e5%bb%a3%e7%be%a9%e7%9b%b8%e5%b0%8d%e8%ab%96%e4%b9%8b%e9%8f%a1-%e9%87%8d%e5%8a%9b%e9%80%8f%e9%8f%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/%e5%bb%a3%e7%be%a9%e7%9b%b8%e5%b0%8d%e8%ab%96%e4%b9%8b%e9%8f%a1-%e9%87%8d%e5%8a%9b%e9%80%8f%e9%8f%a1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u4e4b\u93e1 \u2500 \u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u4e4b\u93e1 \u2500 \u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1 (Gravitational Lensing, Telescope from General Relativity)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u6234\u7dad\u65af\u5206\u6821\u7269\u7406\u6240\u535a\u58eb\u73ed \u859b\u4eba\u744b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1919 \u5e74\uff0c\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u5bb6\u611b\u4e01\u9813 (Arthur Eddington) \u7387\u9818\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u897f\u975e\u89c0\u6e2c\u65e5\u5168\u98df\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8a18\u9304\u65e5\u98df\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u63a2\u96aa\u968a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u5e0c\u671b\u85c9\u6b64\u5929\u6587\u5947\u89c0\uff0c\u5411\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u8b49\u5be6\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u3002\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7d22\u5fb7\u90a3 (Johann Von Soldner\uff0c1776-1833) \u85c9\u7531\u725b\u9813\u529b\u5b78\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u5149\u7dda\u884c\u7d93\u5927\u8cea\u91cf\u5929\u9ad4\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u504f\u6298\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u9060\u65b9\u661f\u5149\u53d7\u5230\u592a\u967d\u91cd\u529b\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u504f\u6298\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u8a08\u7b97\u4e0b\uff0c\u9060\u65b9\u661f\u5149\u7684\u504f\u6298\u89d2\u537b\u662f\u725b\u9813\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u5169\u500d\u3002\u7576\u65e5\u5168\u98df\u767c\u751f\u6642\uff0c\u9060\u65b9\u661f\u5149\u901a\u904e\u592a\u967d\u8868\u9762\u9644\u8fd1\u88ab\u504f\u6298\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u89c0\u6e2c\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u4e00\u884c\u4eba\u7684\u7d00\u9304\uff0c\u5c07\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u8207\u725b\u9813\u842c\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u5b70\u5c0d\u5b70\u932f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5149\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u88ab\u91cd\u529b\u504f\u6298\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u5149\u5728\u4ecb\u8cea\u4e2d\u8d70\u76f4\u7dda\uff0c\u9047\u5230\u4ecb\u9762\u5247\u6703\u767c\u751f\u6298\u5c04\u73fe\u8c61\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5149\u76f4\u7dda\u524d\u9032\u4e26\u4e0d\u5920\u7cbe\u78ba\uff0c\u5149\u6240\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u8def\u5f91\u70ba\u300e\u6700\u77ed\u6642\u9593\u8def\u5f91\u300f\uff0c\u6b64\u539f\u7406\u7531\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\u8cbb\u99ac (Pierre de Fermat\uff0c1601-1665) \u5728 1662 \u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u53c8\u7a31\u8cbb\u99ac\u539f\u7406\u3002\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u5c07\u91cd\u529b\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u6642\u7a7a\u7684\u66f2\u7387\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u592a\u967d\u5c07\u9644\u8fd1\u6642\u7a7a\u5f4e\u66f2\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6df1\u5751\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u5f8c\u7684\u9060\u65b9\u661f\u5149\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5f97\u300e\u7e5e\u8def\u800c\u884c\u300f\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6700\u77ed\u6642\u9593\u8def\u5f91\u3002\u6b64\u73fe\u8c61\u5c0d\u65bc\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u9060\u65b9\u661f\u661f\u5728\u5929\u7a7a\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u4e86\u6539\u8b8a\uff08\u898b\u5716\u4e00\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\"pic1\"<\/a>

\u5716\u4e00 \u6c34\u661f\u661f\u5149\u53d7\u592a\u967d\u91cd\u529b\u5834\u504f\u6298\u793a\u610f\u5716\u3002\uff08\u859b\u4ef2\u582f\u7e6a\uff09<\/p><\/div>\n

\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u7684\u89c0\u6e2c\u7d50\u679c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u8f5f\u52d5\uff0c\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u754c\u81ea\u6b64\u7ad9\u7a69\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u800c\u5149\u7dda\u884c\u7d93\u91cd\u529b\u5834\u53d7\u5230\u504f\u6298\uff0c\u7336\u5982\u901a\u904e\u900f\u93e1\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1 (gravitational lensing)\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u5929\u6587\u8207\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\uff0c\u626e\u6f14\u8209\u8db3\u8f15\u91cd\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n

\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u4e09\u985e\uff1a\u5f37\u900f\u93e1 (strong lensing)\uff0c\u5f31\u900f\u93e1 (weak lensing)\uff0c\u5fae\u900f\u93e1 (micro lensing)\u3002\u5f37\u900f\u93e1\u4e3b\u8981\u898b\u65bc\u661f\u7cfb\uff0c\u82e5\u5169\u500b\u661f\u7cfb\u4f4d\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\uff0c\u9060\u65b9\u661f\u7cfb\u7684\u5149\u7dda\u6703\u88ab\u524d\u65b9\u661f\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u529b\u5834\u504f\u6298\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5708\u5149\u5f27 (arc)\u3002\u5f31\u900f\u93e1\u5247\u5e38\u898b\u65bc\u661f\u7cfb\u5718 (galaxy cluster)\uff0c\u661f\u7cfb\u5718\u5f8c\u65b9\u7684\u661f\u7cfb\u5f71\u50cf\u53d7\u5230\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u4eae\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5fae\u900f\u93e1\u662f\u7531\u5c0f\u5929\u9ad4\u5982\u6046\u661f\uff0c\u5c0d\u5f8c\u65b9\u5929\u9ad4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u5149\u5ea6\u9020\u6210\u4e9b\u5fae\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u7e3d\u9ad4\u800c\u8ad6\uff0c\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u900f\u93e1\u5f8c\u65b9\u7684\u5929\u9ad4\u5f71\u50cf\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5149\u5f27\u6216\u591a\u91cd\u5f71\u50cf\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u5929\u9ad4\u7684\u4eae\u5ea6\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u5982\u653e\u5927\u93e1\u80fd\u5c07\u592a\u967d\u5149\u532f\u805a\uff0c\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u4e5f\u80fd\u5c07\u9060\u65b9\u661f\u5149\u532f\u805a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u539f\u672c\u7121\u6cd5\u5230\u9054\u5730\u7403\u7684\u661f\u5149\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u4ee4\u5929\u9ad4\u4eae\u5ea6\u63d0\u5347\u3002\u5728\u5929\u6587\u89c0\u6e2c\u4e2d\uff0c\u60f3\u5c07\u8a0a\u566a\u6bd4 (signal-to-noise ratio) \u589e\u70ba\u5169\u500d\uff0c\u5c31\u5f97\u82b1\u4e0a\u56db\u500d\u66dd\u5149\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u610f\u5373\u5c0d\u65bc\u9eef\u6de1\u7684\u5929\u9ad4\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u82b1\u4e0a\u5927\u91cf\u6642\u9593\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5c0f\u5e45\u7684\u8a0a\u865f\u589e\u5f37\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\uff0c\u9060\u65b9\u5929\u9ad4\u7684\u4eae\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u5341\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6545\u89c0\u6e2c\u6642\u9593\u53ef\u7e2e\u77ed\u4e0d\u5c11\uff01\u8a31\u591a\u5c0b\u627e\u9059\u9060\u661f\u7cfb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5718\u968a\uff0c\u4fbf\u5229\u7528\u661f\u7cfb\u5718\u7684\u900f\u93e1\u6548\u61c9\uff0c\u4e00\u518d\u6253\u7834\u5df2\u77e5\u6700\u9060\u661f\u7cfb\u7684\u8a18\u9304\u3002\u591a\u91cd\u5f71\u50cf\u5247\u80fd\u7528\u4f86\u6e2c\u91cf\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u54c8\u4f2f\u5e38\u6578 (Hubble constant)\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u6bcf\u500b\u5f71\u50cf\u7684\u5149\u8def\u5f91\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6545\u82e5\u5149\u6e90\u7684\u5149\u5ea6\u7522\u751f\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u5404\u500b\u5f71\u50cf\u4eae\u5ea6\u8f49\u8b8a\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6703\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6e2c\u91cf\u5149\u5ea6\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5ef6\u9072 (time delay) \u4fbf\u80fd\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u5f71\u50cf\u9593\u7684\u5149\u8def\u5f91\u8ddd\u96e2\u5dee\uff08\u5149\u901f\u4e58\u4ee5\u6642\u9593\u5ef6\u9072\uff09\u3002\u5f9e\u5f71\u50cf\u5728\u5929\u7a7a\u4e2d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5149\u8def\u5f91\u8ddd\u96e2\u5dee\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4fbf\u53ef\u900f\u904e\u4e09\u89d2\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u6a21\u578b\u4f86\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u8a72\u5929\u9ad4\u548c\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3002\u53c8\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5929\u9ad4\u5149\u8b5c\u7684\u7d05\u79fb\u73fe\u8c61\u5f97\u77e5\u5b83\u9060\u96e2\u6211\u5011\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5c31\u80fd\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u54c8\u4f2f\u5e38\u6578\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u4ea6\u80fd\u6e2c\u91cf\u661f\u7cfb\u6216\u661f\u7cfb\u5718\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u6697\u7269\u8cea (dark matter)\u3002\u900f\u904e\u5b87\u5b99\u5fae\u6ce2\u80cc\u666f (cosmic microwave background) \u7684\u89c0\u6e2c\u5f97\u77e5\uff0c\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u4e0d\u767c\u5149\u7684\u6697\u7269\u8cea\u5c31\u5360\u4e86\u4e5d\u6210\u4e94\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u50c5\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u91cd\u529b\u6548\u61c9\u76f4\u63a5\u89c0\u6e2c\u9019\u4e9b\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u6697\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u6a21\u578b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u80fd\u6e2c\u91cf\u661f\u7cfb\/\u661f\u7cfb\u5718\u4e2d\u7684\u6697\u7269\u8cea\u7e3d\u8cea\u91cf\uff0c\u9084\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u80cc\u666f\u661f\u7cfb\u5f71\u50cf\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8207\u4eae\u5ea6\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u6697\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u5206\u4f48\u3002\u6839\u64da\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6f14\u5316 (structure formation) \u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u6697\u7269\u8cea\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u4f48\uff0c\u95dc\u4fc2\u5230\u5927\u81f3\u661f\u7cfb\u5718\uff0c\u5c0f\u81f3\u9280\u6cb3\u7cfb\u8eab\u908a\u885b\u661f\u661f\u7cfb (satellite galaxy) \u7684\u5f62\u6210\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u85c9\u7531\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u89c0\u6e2c\u5b87\u5b99\u9593\u7269\u8cea\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u5bb6\u6b63\u8a66\u8457\u89e3\u958b\u6578\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u9810\u6e2c\u548c\u5df2\u5f80\u89c0\u6e2c\u4e0d\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3001\u61f8\u800c\u672a\u6c7a\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea 1979 \u5e74\uff0c\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u5bb6\u767c\u73fe\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u7cfb\u7d71\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u5929\u6587\u8207\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5f37\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u3002\u5f9e\u5927\u5c3a\u5ea6\u5230\u5c0f\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1\u6548\u61c9\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8207\u5929\u6587\u548c\u5b87\u5b99\u5b78\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u984c\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\uff0c\u5728\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4ecd\u7136\u5e6b\u52a9\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u65b7\u5beb\u4e0b\u65b0\u9801\uff01<\/p>\n

\n

\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Narayan, R. & Bartelmann, M. (1997) Lectures on Gravitational Lensing. — Cornell University Library. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/astro-ph\/9606001<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Schneider, P., Meylan, G., Kochanek, C., Jetzer, P., North, P., & Wambsganss, J. (2006). Gravitational Lensing: Strong, Weak and Micro: Saas-Fee Advanced<\/i>. Springer Science & Business Media.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u4e4b\u93e1 \u2500 \u91cd\u529b\u900f\u93e1 (Gravitational Lensing, Telescope from G…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[107,36,32],"tags":[630,8518,8633,1859,5726,8632],"class_list":["post-63382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics00","category-physics07-04","category-physics07","tag-cosmology","tag-general-relativity","tag-gravitational-lensing","tag-1859","tag-5726","tag-8632","loop-entry","cat-107","cat-36","cat-32","no-thumbnail"],"views":7652,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63382","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63382"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63382\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":86520,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63382\/revisions\/86520"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63382"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63382"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63382"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}