{"id":19015,"date":"2011-01-16T23:14:58","date_gmt":"2011-01-16T15:14:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=19015"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:29:03","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:29:03","slug":"%e5%be%ae%e7%a9%8d%e5%88%86%e5%88%9d%e9%9a%8e%ef%bc%8d%e6%ad%b7%e5%8f%b2%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e7%9a%84%e7%9c%bc%e5%85%89%ef%bc%883%ef%bc%89%e5%be%ae%e7%a9%8d%e5%88%86%e6%98%af%e3%80%8c%e4%bb%a5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/%e5%be%ae%e7%a9%8d%e5%88%86%e5%88%9d%e9%9a%8e%ef%bc%8d%e6%ad%b7%e5%8f%b2%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95%e7%9a%84%e7%9c%bc%e5%85%89%ef%bc%883%ef%bc%89%e5%be%ae%e7%a9%8d%e5%88%86%e6%98%af%e3%80%8c%e4%bb%a5\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u521d\u968e\uff0d\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff083\uff09\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u662f\u300c\u4ee5\u6709\u6daf\u9010\u7121\u6daf\u300d\u7684\u5b78\u554f\uff08First Course in Calculus\uff0dA Historical Approach 3.From finite processes to infinite processes\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pf-content\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u521d\u968e\uff0d\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff083\uff09\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u662f\u300c\u4ee5\u6709\u6daf\u9010\u7121\u6daf\u300d\u7684\u5b78\u554f\uff08First Course in Calculus\uff0dA Historical Approach 3.From finite processes to infinite processes\uff09<br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6578\u5b78\u7cfb\u8521\u8070\u660e\u526f\u6559\u6388\/\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6578\u5b78\u7cfb\u8521\u8070\u660e\u526f\u6559\u6388\u8cac\u4efb\u7de8\u8f2f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9023\u7d50\uff1a<a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=18987\">\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u521d\u968e\uff0d\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff082\uff09\u4fc3\u52d5\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u8a95\u751f\u7684\u56db\u985e\u554f\u984c<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u5bb6\u5c0d\u65bc\u5207\u7dda\u8207\u9762\u7a4d\u7576\u7136\u90fd\u6709\u76f4\u89c0\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u9084\u4e0d\u5920\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u4ee5\u7cbe\u934a\u3002\u66f4\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5148\u6f84\u6e05\u4e0b\u9762\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u4ec0\u9ebc\u53eb\u505a\u5207\u7dda\uff1f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u53eb\u505a\u9762\u7a4d\uff1f<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u56de\u7b54\u9019\u5169\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5230<strong>\u7121\u7aae\u6b65\u9a5f<\/strong>\uff08infinite processes\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\u6211\u5011\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u5728\u51fd\u6578 $$y=F(x)$$ \u5716\u5f62\u4e0a\u4e00\u9ede\u7684\u5207\u7dda\u3002\u5207\u7dda\u662f\u76f4\u7dda\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u76f8\u7570\u5169\u9ede\u624d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e00\u76f4\u7dda\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u53ea\u901a\u904e\u4e00\u9ede\u5c31\u6b32\u6c42\u5207\u7dda\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6574\u500b\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u6240\u5728\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u5011\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u901a\u904e $$P$$ \u9ede\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u76f4\u7dda\u4e2d\u90fd\u8ddf\u66f2\u7dda\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4ea4\u9ede $$Q$$\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u76f4\u7dda\u53eb\u505a<strong>\u5272\u7dda<\/strong>\u3002\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u638c\u63e1\u5207\u7dda\u7684\u5951\u6a5f\uff1a\u8003\u616e\u5272\u7dda $$PQ_1$$\uff0c$$PQ_2$$\uff0c\uff0e\uff0e\uff0e\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u8b93 $$Q_n$$ \u6cbf\u8457\u66f2\u7dda\u9010\u6f38\u8da8\u8fd1\u65bc $$P$$\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u300c\u7121\u7aae\u5730\u63a5\u8fd1\u300d\u65bc $$P$$\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u78b0\u89f8 $$P$$\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5272\u7dda\u7684\u300c<strong>\u6975\u9650<\/strong>\u300d\uff08limit\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u904e $$P$$ \u9ede\u7684<strong>\u5207\u7dda<\/strong>\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u5716\uff13\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/EasyCapture11.bmp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19016 aligncenter\" title=\"EasyCapture1\" src=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/EasyCapture11.bmp\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6574\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u9ede\u5728\u638c\u63e1\u4f4f\u659c\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8003\u616e $$x$$ \u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf $$\\Delta{x}$$\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5272\u7dda\u7684\u659c\u7387\u70ba $$\\displaystyle\\frac{\\Delta{F(x)}}{\\Delta{x}}=\\frac{F(x+\\Delta{x}-F(x))}{\\Delta{x}}$$\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u5728\u8b93 $$\\Delta{x}$$ \u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u8da8\u8fd1\u65bc $$0$$\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u53d6\u6975\u9650\uff1a$$\\displaystyle \\lim_{\\Delta x\\to 0}\\frac{F(x+\\Delta x)-F(x)}{\\Delta x}$$<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u6975\u9650\u503c\u5c31\u662f\u5207\u7dda\u659c\u7387\uff0c\u8a18\u70ba $$DF(x)$$ \u6216 $$\\displaystyle\\frac{dF(x)}{dx}$$ \u6216 $$F'(x)$$\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7528\u5716\uff14\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff1a<a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/EasyCapture13.bmp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19020\" title=\"EasyCapture1\" src=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/EasyCapture13.bmp\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"342\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a0e\u8ad6\u51fd\u6578 $$y=f(x)$$ \u5728\u9589\u5340\u9593 $$[a,b]$$ \u4e0a\u6240\u570d\u6210\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u9818\u57df\u4e4b\u9762\u7a4d\u3002\u6574\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u5c07\u9589\u5340\u9593 $$[a,b]$$ \u4f5c\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u5206\u5272\u5c31\u4f5c\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\u5c0f\u9577\u689d\u77e9\u5f62\uff0c\u5c07\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u9762\u7a4d\u90fd\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u5982\u5716\uff15\u7684\u5de6\u5716\u9670\u5f71\u9818\u57df\u4e4b\u8fd1\u4f3c\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u8b93\u5206\u5272\u4e00\u76f4\u52a0\u7d30\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8fd1\u4f3c\u9762\u7a4d\u7684\u300c<strong>\u6975\u9650<\/strong>\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u5716\uff15\u4e4b\u53f3\u5716\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/EasyCapture14.bmp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19021\" title=\"EasyCapture1\" src=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/01\/EasyCapture14.bmp\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"317\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6c42\u5207\u7dda\uff08\u5fae\u5206\uff09\u662f\u300c\u6613\u7b97\u96e3\u660e\u300d\uff0c\u6c42\u9762\u7a4d\uff08\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\uff09\u662f\u300c\u6613\u660e\u96e3\u7b97\u300d\u3002\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\uff0c\u5be6\u5247\u70ba\u4e92\u9006\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u4fc2\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4f55\u6c42\u7b97\u5207\u7dda\u8207\u9762\u7a4d\u5462\uff1f\u7d93\u904e\u7d04\u5169\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u8ffd\u5c0b\uff0c\u5f9e\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4e86$$17$$\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u5f8c\u534a\u8449\uff0c\u725b\u9813\uff08Newton,$$1642-1727$$\uff09\u8207\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\uff08Leibniz,$$1646-1716$$\uff09\u5169\u4eba\u624d\u7368\u7acb\u5730\u770b\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u900f\u904e\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u300c<strong>\u53cd\u6c42\u5207\u7dda<\/strong>\u300d\uff08\u53cd\u5fae\u5206\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c<br \/>\n\u6070\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u300c\u6c42\u9762\u7a4d\u554f\u984c\u300d\uff08\u5373\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u800c\uff0c<strong>\u5fae\u5206\u6cd5<\/strong>\u63ed\u958b\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u904b\u52d5\u8207\u8b8a\u5316\u73fe\u8c61\u3001\u6c42\u6975\u503c\u3001\u6c42\u5207\u7dda\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c42\u9762\u7a4d\u7b49\u8af8\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u5c31\u8a95\u751f\u4e86\u3002\u5fae\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u662f\u300c\u5169\u9762\u5203\u300d\uff0c\u6b63\u5411\u7684\u300c<strong>\u5fae\u5206<\/strong>\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u6c42\u5207\u7dda\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u9006\u5411\u7684\u300c<strong>\u53cd\u5fae\u5206<\/strong>\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u5343\u53e4\u7684\u300c\u5b9a\u7a4d\u5206\u300d\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u7c21\u76f4\u662f\u524a\u91d1\u65ac\u6ce5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u838a\u5b50\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u543e\u751f\u4e5f\u6709\u6daf\uff0c\u5982\u5730\u7121\u6daf\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u6daf\u9010\u7121\u6daf\uff0c\u6b86\u77e3\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u53e4\u4eba\u9762\u5c0d\u7121\u7aae\u6642\u7684\u7d55\u671b\u8207\u7121\u52a9\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u7684\u6c42\u5207\u8207\u6c42\u7a4d\u6070\u597d\u662f\u900f\u904e\u300c\u6975\u9650\u300d\uff08\u6216\u7121\u7aae\u5c0f\u91cf\uff09\u5f9e\u300c\u6709\u6daf\u300d\u98db\u8e8d\u5230\u300c\u7121\u6daf\u300d\uff0c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u51fa\u5fae\u5206\u8207\u7a4d\u5206\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5275\u7acb\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u662f\u4ee5\u6709\u6daf\u9010\u7121\u6daf\uff0c\u6210\u77e3\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u725b\u9813\u8207\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\u5169\u4eba\u7368\u7acb\u767c\u660e\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5207\u5165\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u537b\u6b8a\u9014\u540c\u6b78\uff0c\u82f1\u96c4\u6240\u898b\u7565\u540c\u3002\u725b\u9813\u7531\u904b\u52d5\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u51fd\u6578\u8207\u901f\u5ea6\u51fd\u6578\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5207\u5165\uff1b\u800c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\u7531\u5dee\u548c\u5206\u5207\u4eba\uff0c\u518d\u4f5c\u9023\u7e8c\u5316\u3002\u5169\u4eba\u540c\u6a23\u90fd\u770b\u51fa\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u7d50\u679c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u5fae\u5206\u8207\u7a4d\u5206\u7684\u4e92\u9006\u6027\uff1b<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u5b78\u6839\u672c\u5b9a\u7406\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u9023\u7d50\uff1a<a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=19247\" target=\"_blank\">\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u521d\u968e\uff0d\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u773c\u5149\uff08\uff14\uff09\u963f\u57fa\u7c73\u5fb7\u6c42\u62cb\u7269\u7dda\u5f13\u5f62\u9818\u57df\u7684\u9762\u7a4d<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u8521\u8070\u660e\uff1a\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6b65\u9053\u3002\u4e09\u6c11\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c2009\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8521\u8070\u660e\uff1a\u6578\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u8da3\u8ac7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c19\u7ae0\u3002\u4e09\u6c11\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c2010\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Edward\uff1a\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u767c\u5c55\u53f2\uff0c\u51e1\u7570\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u6797\u8070\u6e90\u8b6f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Simons\uff1aCalculus Gems,Brief Lives and Memorable Mathematics.McGraw-Hill,Inc.1992.<\/li>\n<li>Dunham\uff1aThe Calculus Gallery, Masterpieces from Newton to Lebesgue.Princeton University Press,2005.<\/li>\n<li>Toeplitz\uff1aThe Calculus,A Genetic Approach.The University of Chicago Press.1963<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u672c\u7bc7\u900f\u904e\u6975\u9650\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u89e3\u8aaa\u5207\u7dda\u659c\u7387\u8207\u66f2\u7dda\u4e0b\u9762\u7a4d\u7684\u6c42\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[233,111],"tags":[756,755,747],"class_list":["post-19015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-math08","category-mathematics00","tag-756","tag-755","tag-747","loop-entry","cat-233","cat-111","no-thumbnail"],"views":4838,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19015","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19015"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19015\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":88936,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19015\/revisions\/88936"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19015"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19015"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19015"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}