{"id":9282,"date":"2010-09-29T03:22:42","date_gmt":"2010-09-28T19:22:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=9282"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:31:32","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:31:32","slug":"%e6%b7%b7%e6%88%90%e8%bb%8c%e5%9f%9f%ef%bc%88hybridized-orbitals%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/%e6%b7%b7%e6%88%90%e8%bb%8c%e5%9f%9f%ef%bc%88hybridized-orbitals%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df (Hybridized Orbitals)<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u90b1\u7def\u822a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\/\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u8449\u540d\u5009\u6559\u6388\u8cac\u4efb\u7de8\u8f2f
\n<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u4e00\u3001\u6982\u8ad6<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5316\u5b78\u9019\u9580\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u6df7\u6210\uff08hybridization\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5c07\u591a\u500b\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u6df7\u5408\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df\uff08hybridized orbitals\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u7528\u4f86\u5b9a\u6027\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u539f\u5b50\u9593\u9375\u7d50\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u5f62\u72c0\u6642\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u901a\u5e38\u8207\u50f9\u5c64\u96fb\u5b50\u5c0d\u4e92\u65a5\u7406\u8ad6\uff08valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory\uff09\u5171\u540c\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u6cbf\u9769<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6df7\u6210\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u5316\u5b78\u5bb6\u840a\u7d0d\u65af\uff0e\u9b91\u6797\uff08Linus Pauling\uff09\u65bc1931\u5e74\u6642\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4ed6\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u7532\u70f7\uff08CH4<\/sub>\uff09\u7684\u7c21\u55ae\u5206\u5b50\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u672c\u4f86\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u62ff\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u5730\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6548\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u4f86\u5408\u7406\u5316\u89e3\u91cb\u5404\u7a2e\u6709\u6a5f\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8ecc\u57df\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u80fd\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u5206\u5b50\u9593\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5c31\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6df7\u6210\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4f30\u6e2c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u65bc\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5229\u7528\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u859b\u4e01\u683c\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff08Schrodinger equation\uff09\u7cbe\u78ba\u8a08\u7b97\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u82e5\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u91cd\u539f\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u78b3\u3001\u6c2e\u548c\u6c27\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5229\u75282s\u53ca2p\u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u6fc0\u767c\u614b\u3002\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u5047\u8a2d\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u758a\u52a0\u800c\u6210\u3002\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u62ff\u4f86\u63cf\u8ff0\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u5229\u7528\u78b3\u3001\u6c2e\u548c\u6c27\uff08\u6216\u5c11\u6578\u542b\u6709\u786b\u3001\u78f7\uff09\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6df7\u6210\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u5206\u5b50\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u66f4\u70ba\u7c21\u55ae\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u6df7\u6210\u7a2e\u985e\uff08\u4e0d\u542bd\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u53c3\u8207<\/strong>\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) sp3<\/sup> \u6df7\u6210\uff08sp3<\/sup> hybrids\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u4ee5\u6b63\u56db\u9762\u9ad4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u914d\u4f4d\u7684\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7532\u70f7\uff08methane\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u5f0fCH4<\/sub>\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u56db\u500b\u8ecc\u57df\u53bb\u9375\u7d50\u56db\u500b\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u3002\u78b3\u7684\u57fa\u614b\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\u662f1s2<\/sup> 2s2<\/sup> 2px1<\/sup> 2py1<\/sup>\uff1a<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u5171\u50f9\u7406\u8ad6\u53bb\u9810\u6e2c\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u6709\u5169\u500b\u534a\u586b\u6eff\u7684p\u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u6545\u78b3\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\u5169\u500b\u5171\u50f9\u9375\uff0c\u5373CH2<\/sub>\u3002\u4f46\u662f CH2<\/sub>\u662f\u6d3b\u6027\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u7684\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u55ae\u7368\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u5171\u50f9\u7406\u8ad6\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u7532\u70f7\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u57fa\u614b\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u4ea6\u7121\u6cd5\u7528\u65bcCH4<\/sub>\u7684\u9375\u7d50\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7576\u6fc0\u767c\u4e00\u500b2s\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u81f32p\u8ecc\u57df\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5920\u6839\u64da\u5171\u50f9\u7406\u8ad6\u5141\u8a31\u56db\u500b\u9375\u7d50\uff0c\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u8457CH4<\/sub>\u56db\u500b\u9375\u7d50\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u4f86\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u80fd\u968e\u91cd\u758a\u800c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6709\u5be6\u9a57\u99c1\u65a5\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5f9eCH4<\/sub>\u62d4\u6389\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u78b3\u4e0a\u7684\u6c2b\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u9593\u63a5\u8aaa\u660e\u6b64\u56db\u500b\u9375\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u76f8\u7b49\u3002 <\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u5148\u4ee5\u7532\u70f7\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u6df7\u6210\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u78b3\u6703\u88ab\u6fc0\u767c\u4e00\u500b2s\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u81f32p\u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u5716\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u5c31\u78b3\u5fc5\u9808\u9375\u7d50\u56db\u500b\u6c2b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u6709\u56db\u500b\u9375\u7d50\u8ecc\u57df\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u78b3\u76842s \u8ecc\u57df\uff08\u5167\u5c64\u8ecc\u57df\u76841s\u96fb\u5b50\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e0d\u6703\u62ff\u4f86\u505a\u9375\u7d50\uff09 \u6703\u8207\u4e09\u500b2p\u8ecc\u57df\u9032\u884c\u6df7\u6210\u5f62\u6210\u56db\u500bsp3<\/sup>\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u5373\uff1a<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u56db\u500bsp3<\/sup>\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df\u5373\u53ef\u8207\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u76841s \u8ecc\u57df\u4ea4\u758a\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u56db\u500b\u03c3\uff08sigma\uff09\u9375\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u56db\u500b\u55ae\u9375\uff0c\u4e14\u6b64\u56db\u500b\u9375\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u53ca\u5f37\u5ea6\u5747\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u5f62\u72c0\u70ba\u6b63\u56db\u9762\u9ad4\uff08tetrahedral\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

(2) sp2<\/sup> \u6df7\u6210\uff08sp2<\/sup> hybrids\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee5\u78b3\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u6216\u5206\u5b50\u90fd\u80fd\u4ee5\u985e\u4f3c\u7532\u70f7\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u53c8\u4f8b\u5982\u4e59\u70ef\uff08ethene\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u5f0fC2<\/sub>H4<\/sub>\uff09\uff0c\u78b3\u78b3\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u4e00\u96d9\u9375\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u6b64\u5206\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u78b3\u6703\u4ee5sp2<\/sup>\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u78b3\u78b3\u4e4b\u9593\u5fc5\u9700\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5f62\u6210\u96d9\u9375\u7684\u03c0\uff08pi\uff09\u9375\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u500b\u78b3\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u03c3\u9375\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u5728sp2<\/sup>\u7684\u6df7\u6210\u4e2d2s\u8ecc\u57df\u50c5\u82072p \u8ecc\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u8ecc\u57df\u9032\u884c\u6df7\u6210\uff1a<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u5f62\u6210\u5171\u4e09\u500bsp2<\/sup>\u8ecc\u57df\u800c\u6709\u4e00\u500bp\u8ecc\u57df\u7559\u8457\u3002\u5728\u4e59\u70ef\u4e2d\u5169\u500b\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u9593\u85c9\u7531\u5169\u500bsp2\u8ecc\u57df\u4ea4\u758a\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u03c3\u9375\u4e14\u6bcf\u500b\u78b3\u539f\u5b50\u4e5f\u8207\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u85c9\u7531s\u2013sp2<\/sup>\u7684\u4ea4\u758a\u5f62\u6210\u5169\u500b\u5171\u50f9\u7684\u03c3\u9375\uff0c\u9375\u89d2\u5747\u70ba120 \u00b0\u3002\u800c\u78b3\u78b3\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u03c0\u9375\u662f\u85c9\u75312p\u20132p\u7684\u4ea4\u758a\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4e14\u8207\u5206\u5b50\u5e73\u9762\u5782\u76f4\u3002\u6240\u6709\u78b3\uff0d\u6c2b\u9375\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u53ca\u5f37\u5ea6\u90fd\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u4ea6\u8207\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u76f8\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n

(3) sp \u6df7\u6210\uff08sp hybrids\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5316\u5408\u7269\u4e2d\u50cf\u662f\u7094\u985e\u9019\u7a2e\u5167\u542b\u4e09\u9375\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5sp\u6df7\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e59\u7094\uff08ethyne\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u5f0fC2<\/sub>H2<\/sub>\uff09\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u8207\u985e\u4f3c\u7532\u70f7sp3<\/sup>\u6df7\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53bb\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c2s\u8ecc\u57df\u53ea\u6703\u8207\u4e09\u500bp\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u9032\u884c\u6df7\u6210\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u5169\u500bsp\u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u5169\u500bp\u8ecc\u57df\u5247\u7559\u8457\u3002\u4e59\u7094\u4e2d\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u9375\u662f\u542b\u6709\u78b3\uff0d\u78b3\u4e4b\u9593\u4ee5sp\u2013sp\u4ea4\u758a\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u03c3\u9375\u4ee5\u53ca\u5169\u500b\u4ee5p\u2013p\u4ea4\u758a\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u03c0\u9375\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u78b3\uff0d\u6c2b\u9375\u4e2d\u4ee5s\u2013sp\u4ea4\u758a\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u03c3\u9375\uff0c\u9375\u89d2180\u00b0\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u6df7\u6210\u8207\u5206\u5b50\u5f62\u72c0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6df7\u6210\uff08Hybridization\uff09\u642d\u914d\u50f9\u5c64\u96fb\u5b50\u5c0d\u4e92\u65a5\u7406\u8ad6\uff08VSEPR Theory\uff09\u53ef\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u89e3\u91cb\u5206\u5b50\u5f62\u72c0\u3002\uff08A\u3001X\u8868\u4e0d\u540c\u539f\u5b50\uff0cE\u8868\u793a\u5b64\u5c0d\u96fb\u5b50\u5c0d\uff09
\n(1) AX1<\/sub> (e.g., LiH)\uff1a\u7121\u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u76f4\u7dda\u5f62\u3002
\n(2) AX2<\/sub> (e.g., BeCl2<\/sub>)\uff1asp \u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u76f4\u7dda\u5f62\u6216\u5c0d\u89d2\u7dda\u5f62\uff0c\u9375\u89d2\u2220XAX\u70ba180\u00b0\u3002
\n(3) AX2<\/sub>E (e.g., GeF2<\/sub>)\uff1asp \u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u89d2\u5f62\u6216V\u5f62\uff0c\u9375\u89d2\u2220XAX\u5c0f\u65bc 120\u00b0(\u5b64\u5c0d\u96fb\u5b50\u5c0d\u6548\u61c9)\u3002
\n(4) AX3<\/sub> (e.g., BCl3<\/sub>)\uff1a sp2<\/sup> \u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u5e73\u9762\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u9375\u89d2\u2220XAX\u70ba120\u00b0\u3002
\n(5) AX4<\/sub> (e.g., CCl4<\/sub>)\uff1asp3<\/sup>\u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u6b63\u56db\u9762\u9ad4\u5f62\uff0c\u9375\u89d2\u2220XAX\u7d04\u70ba109.5\u00b0\u3002
\n(6) AX3<\/sub>E (e.g.,NH3<\/sub>)\uff1asp3<\/sup>\u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u4e09\u89d2\u9310\u5f62\uff0c\u9375\u89d2\u2220XAX\u7d04\u70ba107\u00b0(\u5b64\u5c0d\u96fb\u5b50\u5c0d\u6548\u61c9)\u3002
\n(7) AX5<\/sub> (e.g., PCl5<\/sub>)\uff1asp3<\/sup>d\u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u96d9\u4e09\u89d2\u9310\u5f62\u3002
\n(8) AX6<\/sub> (e.g., SF6<\/sub>)\uff1asp3<\/sup>d2<\/sup> \u6df7\u6210\uff0c\u6b63\u516b\u9762\u9ad4\u5f62\u6216\u96d9\u56db\u89d2\u9310\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b<\/strong>
\n(1) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hybrid_orbital<\/a>
\n(2) http:\/\/www.mhhe.com\/physsci\/chem … y\/flash\/hybrv18.swf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6df7\u6210\u8ecc\u57df (Hybridized Orbitals) \u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u90b1\u7def\u822a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\/\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[108,51,48],"tags":[1244,1072],"class_list":["post-9282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemistry00","category-chemistry01-03","category-chemistry01","tag-1244","tag-1072","loop-entry","cat-108","cat-51","cat-48","no-thumbnail"],"views":188921,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9282","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9282"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89547,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9282\/revisions\/89547"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}