{"id":72834,"date":"2020-07-01T17:27:28","date_gmt":"2020-07-01T09:27:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=72834"},"modified":"2021-10-06T15:42:42","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T07:42:42","slug":"%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%8f%b2-%e8%bf%91%e4%bb%a3%e5%8e%9f%e5%ad%90%e8%ab%96%e5%85%88%e9%a9%85%e2%94%80%e9%81%93%e7%88%be%e9%a0%93%e7%9a%84%e8%aa%95%e7%94%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%8f%b2-%e8%bf%91%e4%bb%a3%e5%8e%9f%e5%ad%90%e8%ab%96%e5%85%88%e9%a9%85%e2%94%80%e9%81%93%e7%88%be%e9%a0%93%e7%9a%84%e8%aa%95%e7%94%9f\/","title":{"rendered":"[\u7269\u7406\u53f2] \u8fd1\u4ee3\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\u5148\u9a45\u2500\u9053\u723e\u9813\u7684\u8a95\u751f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u8fd1\u4ee3\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\u5148\u9a45\u2500\u9053\u723e\u9813\u7684\u8a95\u751f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7cfb \u694a\u4fe1\u7537\u6559\u6388\u3001\u856d\u5982\u73c0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u65e9\u65bc\u897f\u5143\u524d\u7d04 500 \u5e74\u524d\u5373\u7531\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8def\u5e0c\u4f2f\u65af\uff08Leucippos\uff09\u548c\u5fb7\u8b28\u514b\u5229\u7279\u65af\uff08Democritus\uff09\u5e2b\u5f92\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u842c\u7269\u7686\u7531\u6975\u5c0f\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u8cea\u9ede\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u90a3\u53ea\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7576\u6642\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u8faf\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u5f9e\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u6c7a\u5b9a\u539f\u5b50\u91cd\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u7acb\u5176\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u5247\u61c9\u6b78\u529f\u65bc\u9053\u723e\u9813\uff08John Dalton\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9053\u723e\u9813\u4f86\u81ea\u4e00\u500b\u8cb4\u683c\u6703\uff08Quaker\uff09\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u5b9a\u5c45\u65bc\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u6606\u5e03\u862d\u90e1\u7684\u4f0a\u683c\u65af\u83f2\u723e\u5fb7\u57ce\uff08Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England\uff09\uff0c\u7956\u7236\u70ba\u978b\u5320\uff0c\u7236\u89aa\u5247\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7de8\u7e54\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e09\u500b\u5c0f\u5b69\u6700\u5e74\u5e7c\u7684\u4e00\u500b\uff0c\u5c31\u8b80\u8cb4\u683c\u6703\u5c0f\u5b78\u671f\u9593\u5373\u986f\u73fe\u51fa\u6bcd\u89aa\u5805\u6bc5\u679c\u6c7a\u7684\u500b\u6027\uff0c\u5b78\u7fd2\u5feb\u901f\u300212 \u6b72\u6642\uff0c\u6821\u9577\u5c07\u5c0f\u5b78\u79fb\u8f49\u7d66\u4ed6\u54e5\u54e5\u7d93\u71df\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u5247\u5354\u52a9\u6559\u5b78\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7576\u5730\u8cb4\u683c\u6703\u805e\u4eba\u7f85\u8cd3\u905c\uff08Elihu Robinson\uff09\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u826f\u5e2b\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d7\u60e0\u5f88\u5927\u3002\u00a0<\/p>\n

1780 \u5e74\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u5144\u5f1f\u8ca0\u8cac\u4e00\u9593\u4f4d\u65bc\u80af\u5fb7\u723e\uff08Kendal\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u8cb4\u683c\u6559\u53cb\u6240\u65b0\u5275\u8fa6\u7684\u5bc4\u5bbf\u5b78\u6821\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u7d04 60 \u4f4d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u8a2d\u5099\u65b0\u7a4e\uff0c\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u85cf\u66f8\u8c50\u5bcc\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u6709\u77e5\u540d\u8cb4\u683c\u5b78\u8005\u5230\u8a2a\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u5e78\u904b\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u7d50\u8b58\u4e86\u7576\u5730\u76f2\u4eba\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u679c\u592b\uff08John Gough\uff09\u3002\u5728\u679c\u592b\u7684\u6559\u5c0e\u4e0b\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u901a\u66c9\u4e86\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u3001\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u3001\u5929\u6587\u3001\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u5316\u5b78\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u3001\u6c23\u8c61\u548c\u690d\u7269\u5b78\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4eff\u6548\u679c\u592b\u4f7f\u7528\u6c23\u8c61\u5100\u5668\uff0c\u7d00\u9304\u6bcf\u65e5\u7684\u6c23\u8c61\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7fd2\u6163\u5f9e 1787 \u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7e8c\u8457\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9053\u723e\u9813\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u5b78\u6821\u6559\u6388\u6578\u5b78\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u516c\u958b\u6388\u8ab2\uff0c\u8b1b\u89e3\u529b\u5b78\u3001\u5149\u5b78\u3001\u6c23\u9ad4\u529b\u5b78\u548c\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u7b49\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c3\u52a0\u5e7e\u6b21\u6709\u734e\u7af6\u8cfd\u7372\u52dd\uff0c\u6f38\u6709\u540d\u6c23\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u62d3\u5c55\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5708\u5b50\uff0c1792 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u85c9\u8457\u53c3\u52a0\u516c\u8abc\u6703\uff08\u8cb4\u683c\u6703\u5225\u7a31\uff09\u5e74\u6703\u4e4b\u4fbf\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u9020\u8a2a\u502b\u6566\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u7372\u8058\u70ba\u516c\u8abc\u6703\u5728\u66fc\u5fb9\u65af\u7279\u65b0\u8a2d\u7acb\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u5b78\u9662\u300d\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u66a8\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u751f\u6daf\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002<\/p>\n

1793\u5e74\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u524d\u5f80\u65b0\u5b78\u9662\u4efb\u8077\uff0c\u96a8\u8eab\u651c\u5e36\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\u300a\u6c23\u8c61\u89c0\u6e2c\u66a8\u8ad6\u8aaa\u96c6\u300b\uff08Meteorological Observations and Essays<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u6821\u6a23\u672c\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u6709\u4ed6\u3001\u679c\u592b\u53ca\u514b\u6d1b\u65af\u7dad\u7279\uff08Peter Crosthwaite\uff09\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\u5171\u540c\u89c0\u6e2c\u6c23\u8c61\u7684\u7d00\u9304\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u8d77\u56e0\u7684\u63a8\u8ad6\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f35\u5927\u6c23\u7531 80% \u7684\u6c2e\u548c 20% \u7684\u6c27\u52a0\u4e0a\u6c34\u6c23\u6df7\u5408\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u55ae\u4e00\u5316\u5408\u7269\u7684\u6c23\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u672a\u5f15\u8d77\u6ce8\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u9053\u723e\u9813\u65bc 1800 \u5e74\u8fad\u53bb\u65b0\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u6559\u8077\uff0c\u63a5\u4efb\u6587\u54f2\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u7955\u66f8\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u9084\u5275\u7acb\u300c\u6578\u5b78\u66f8\u9662\u300d\uff0c\u8b1b\u6388\u6578\u5b78\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u548c\u5316\u5b78\uff0c\u6bcf\u9031 20 \u7bc0\u8ab2\uff0c\u53cd\u61c9\u4e0d\u932f\u3002\u6709\u6b64\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c08\u5fc3\u6295\u5165\u7814\u7a76\uff0c5 \u5e74\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u6c23\u9ad4\u5728\u5b9a\u58d3\u4e0b\u7684\u81a8\u8139\u6cd5\u5247\uff08\u4ea6\u7a31\u67e5\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff09\u3001\u5206\u58d3\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u5316\u5b78\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u754c\u7684\u4e0d\u673d\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5206\u58d3\u8ad6\u8ff0\u63d0\u51fa\u5f8c\uff0c\u99ac\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u79d1\u5b78\u754c\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u6c23\u9ad4\u6eb6\u89e3\u65bc\u6db2\u9ad4\u6642\uff0c\u662f\u5316\u5b78\u7d50\u5408\u4ea6\u6216\u529b\u5b78\u5438\u9644\u7684\u554f\u984c\u9032\u884c\u5be6\u9a57\u63a2\u8a0e\u30021803 \u5e74 10 \u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u6587\u54f2\u5b78\u6703\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u6c23\u9ad4\u5728\u6db2\u9ad4\u4e2d\u7684\u6eb6\u89e3\u5ea6\u8996\u5176\u300c\u7d42\u6975\u8cea\u9ede\u300d\uff08ultimate particles\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u5b50\uff09\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u8207\u6578\u76ee\u800c\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc\u6587\u5f8c\u5217\u51fa\u90e8\u5206\u6c23\u9ad4\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u91cd\u91cf\uff0c\u5373\u73fe\u6240\u7a31\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u539f\u5b50\u91cf\u8868\u4e26\u672a\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u8996\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u65bc 1803 \u5e74\u5e95\u5728\u502b\u6566\u89aa\u81ea\u5411\u5316\u5b78\u5927\u5e2b\u6234\u7dad\u7537\u7235\uff08Humphry Davy\uff09\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u548c\u5176\u5be6\u9a57\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8aaa\u6210\u300c\u7d14\u5c6c\u81c6\u6e2c\u300d\u3002\u9053\u723e\u9813\u4e26\u672a\u56e0\u4e4b\u6c23\u9912\uff0c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6539\u9032\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u7d42\u65bc\u5728 1808 \u5e74\u548c 1810 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5316\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u65b0\u9ad4\u7cfb\u300b\uff08A New System of Chemical Philosophy<\/em>\uff09\u4e0a\u3001\u4e0b\u4e8c\u518a\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

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    \n
  1. \u6240\u6709\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5747\u7531\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u4efb\u4e00\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u91cd\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u4e0d\u540c\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u91cd\u91cf\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u5728\u6240\u6709\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u539f\u5b50\u90fd\u4fdd\u6301\u539f\u8c8c\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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    \u4e00\u500b\u53ea\u53d7\u904e\u5c0f\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u9760\u8457\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u6bc5\u529b\uff0c\u5c08\u6ce8\u65bc\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u7d42\u80fd\u7372\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u5316\u5b78\u4e4b\u7236\u300d\uff0c\u9053\u723e\u9813\u5be6\u70ba\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u7684\u7570\u6578\u3002<\/p>\n

    \"72834_p1\"<\/a>

    \u9053\u723e\u9813\uff08John Dalton\uff09<\/p><\/div>\n

    \n

    \u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Ross, \u201cJohn Dalton\u201d, Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>.<\/li>\n
    2. N. Nash, \u201cThe Atomic-Molecular Theory<\/em>\u201d, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1950.<\/li>\n
    3. Thackray, \u201cJohn Dalton\u201d, Dictionary of Scientific Biography<\/em>, Vol. 3,p p.537-547 (1970).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u539f\u6587\u520a\u8f09\u65bc\u7269\u7406\u96d9\u6708\u520a2015\u5e7410\u6708\u865f37\u5377\u7b2c5\u671f\uff0c\u611f\u8b1d\u694a\u4fe1\u7537\u6559\u6388\u540c\u610f\u6388\u6b0a\u520a\u8f09\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0100\u7bc7\u5df2\u96c6\u7d50\u6210\u518a\uff0c\u7531\u4e94\u5357\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u66f8\u540d\u70ba\u300a\u7269\u7406\u5947\u624d\u5947\u4e8b\u300b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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