{"id":62521,"date":"2015-04-15T09:33:14","date_gmt":"2015-04-15T01:33:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=62521"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:11:41","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:11:41","slug":"%e7%86%b1%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%b8%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%89%e5%ae%9a%e5%be%8b-third-law-of-thermodynamics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/%e7%86%b1%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%b8%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%89%e5%ae%9a%e5%be%8b-third-law-of-thermodynamics\/","title":{"rendered":"\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b (Third law of thermodynamics)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u7269\u7406\u7cfb101\u7d1a \u937e\u8c6a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u9069\u7576\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u9019\u4e9b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f7c\u6b64\u90fd\u662f\u7b49\u50f9\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u8332(Theodore William Richards)\u57281902\u5e74\u9032\u884c\u96fb\u5316\u5b78\u96fb\u6c60\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u53ca\u6574\u7406\u76f8\u95dc\u6578\u64da\u6642\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u7113(enthalpy, \\(H\\))\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\u548c\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u81ea\u7531\u80fd(Gibbs free energy, \\(G\\))\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u8da8\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7576 \\(T\\rightarrow 0\\)\uff0c\\(\\Delta G\\rightarrow \\Delta H\\)\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\"62521_p1\"<\/a>

\u5716\u4e00\\(~~~\\)\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u7113\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\u548c\u5409\u5e03\u65af\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\u3002(\u4f5c\u8005\u7e6a)<\/p><\/div>\n

\u4f46\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u672a\u9ad4\u8a8d\u51fa\u6b64\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u9019\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4fc2\u7531\u80fd\u65af\u7279(Walter H. Nernst)\u9996\u5ea6\u8de8\u51fa\u3002\u6839\u64da\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a\\(G\\equiv H-TS\\)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d \\(S\\) \u70ba\u71b5(entropy)\uff0c\u53ef\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa \\(\\Delta G=\\Delta H-T\\Delta S\\)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\u4ee5\u6f38\u8fd1\u7dda\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8da8\u8fd1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u65af\u7279\u8a8d\u70ba\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u9644\u8fd1\u6642\uff0c\u71b5\u503c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\u4e5f\u61c9\u8da8\u65bc\u96f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7576 \\(T\\rightarrow 0\\)\uff0c\\(\\Delta S\\rightarrow 0\\)\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u65af\u7279\u57281906\u5e74\u6642\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u63a5\u8fd1\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5728\u71b1\u5e73\u8861\u6642\u767c\u751f\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u71b5\u503c\u8b8a\u5316\u70ba\u96f6\u3002\u300d\u4ee5\u6578\u5b78\u5f0f\u8868\u793a\u70ba\uff1a\\(\\lim_{T\\rightarrow 0}(S_1-S_2)=0\\)\u3002<\/p>\n

1911\u5e74\uff0c\u666e\u6717\u514b\uff08Max Planck\uff09\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u4efb\u4f55\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u9054\u71b1\u5e73\u8861\u6642\uff0c\u8a72\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u71b5\u503c\u70ba\u96f6\u3002\u300d\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ea\u80fd\u5f97\u77e5\u71b5\u503c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6eab\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u7d66\u4e88\u4e00\u500b\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u71b5\u503c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e00\u65e6\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5247\u81ea\u52d5\u4fdd\u8b49\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\u7684\u71b5\u70ba\u96f6\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4fbf\u80fd\u63a8\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u6eab\u5ea6\u4e0b\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u71b5\u503c\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u4eba\u5011\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u539f\u7406\u4e0a\u53bb\u6c7a\u5b9a\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\u5316\u5b78\u5e73\u8861\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5316\u5b78\u91cf(\u4f8b\u5982\u5e73\u8861\u5e38\u6578)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u80fd\u65af\u7279\u548c\u666e\u6717\u514b\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u53ef\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6b65\u6578\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c07\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6eab\u5ea6\u964d\u81f3\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u3002\u300d\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u7121\u6cd5\u9054\u5230\u3002\u5047\u60f3\u6709\u5169\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71 \\(X_1\\) \u548c \\(X_2\\)\uff0c\u5728\u6eab\u5ea6\u8da8\u65bc\u96f6\u6642\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7684\u71b5\u503c\u4e26\u7121\u540c\u6a23\u8da8\u65bc\u96f6\uff08\u5982\u5716\u4e8c\uff09\u3002\u5247\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u85c9\u7531\u6709\u9650\u500b\u7b49\u6eab\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u5982\u5716\u4e2d\u925b\u76f4\u7d05\u7dda\uff09\u548c\u6709\u9650\u500b\u7b49\u71b5\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7d55\u71b1\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u5716\u4e2d\u6c34\u5e73\u7d05\u7dda\uff09\uff0c\u5c07\u7cfb\u7d71\u964d\u81f3\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u64da\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u5728\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u71b5\u503c\u70ba\u96f6\uff0c\u6545X1\u548cX2\u5169\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u71b5\u503c\u5728\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\u6703\u4ea4\u65bc\u4e00\u9ede\uff08\u5982\u5716\u4e09\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u57162\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u537b\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7121\u9650\u500b\u7b49\u6eab\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u7b49\u71b5\u904e\u7a0b\u624d\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u5169\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u4ea4\u9ede\u3002\u4f46\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7121\u9650\u6b21\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u7121\u6cd5\u9054\u5230\uff0c\u6545\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u7121\u6cd5\u9054\u5230\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u771f\u5be6\u904e\u7a0b\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u7b49\u6eab\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u7b49\u71b5\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u6545\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63a8\u8ad6\u4e26\u7121\u55aa\u5931\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\"62521_p2\"<\/a>

\u5716\u4e8c\\(~~~\\)\u82e5\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u5169\u53cd\u61c9\u71b5\u503c\u4e0d\u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6b65\u6578\u5167\u9054\u5230\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u3002(\u4f5c\u8005\u7e6a)<\/p><\/div>\n

\"62521_p3\"<\/a>

\u5716\u4e09\\(~~~\\)\u82e5\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\uff0c\u5169\u53cd\u61c9\u71b5\u503c\u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u5247\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6b65\u6578\u5167\u9054\u5230\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u3002(\u4f5c\u8005\u7e6a)<\/p><\/div>\n

\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\u80fd\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u7269\u9ad4\u7684\u71b1\u5bb9\u91cf\u4fbf\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u71b5\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5f97\u77e5\uff1a\\(T\\mathrm{d}S=\\mathrm{d}Q=\\frac{\\mathrm{d}Q}{\\mathrm{d}T}\\times\\mathrm{d}T=C\\times\\mathrm{d} T\\)\uff0c<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4e2d \\(C\\) \u4ee3\u8868\u71b1\u5bb9\u91cf\uff0c\\(\\Delta Q\\) \u4ee3\u8868\u53cd\u61c9\u524d\u5f8c\u7cfb\u7d71\u7e3d\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\\(\\int\\mathrm{d} S=S-S_0=\\int_0^T C\\frac{\\mathrm{d}T}{T}\\)<\/p>\n

\u53c8\u6839\u64da\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\u71b5\u503c\u8b8a\u5316\u91cf\u70ba\u96f6\uff0c<\/p>\n

\\(\\lim_{T\\rightarrow 0}(S-S_0)=\\lim_{T\\rightarrow 0}\\int_0^TC\\frac{\\mathrm{d}T}{T}=0\\)\uff0c<\/p>\n

\u6545\u71b1\u5bb9\u91cf \\(C\\) \u9700\u6bd4 \\(1\/T\\) \u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\u66f4\u5feb\u6536\u6582\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\u4efb\u4f55\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u71b1\u5bb9\u91cf \\(C\\) \u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u7d55\u5c0d\u96f6\u5ea6\u6642\u90fd\u8da8\u65bc\u96f6\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Carter A. H.(2001), Classical and statistical thermodynamics, Prentice Hall.<\/li>\n
  2. Blundell S. J., Blundell K. M.(2009), Concepts in Thermal Physics, 2th, Oxford.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e09\u5b9a\u5f8b (Third law of thermodynamics) \u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u7269\u7406\u7cfb101\u7d1a \u937e\u8c6a …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,7922,107],"tags":[8352,7984,2841,3888,7924,1595,8391,2128,8351],"class_list":["post-62521","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-physics03","category--thermodynamics","category-physics00","tag-nernst","tag-planck","tag-2841","tag-3888","tag-7924","tag-1595","tag-8391","tag-2128","tag-8351","loop-entry","cat-16","cat-7922","cat-107","no-thumbnail"],"views":24699,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62521","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62521"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62521\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":86573,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62521\/revisions\/86573"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62521"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62521"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62521"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}