{"id":41647,"date":"2013-01-08T10:19:49","date_gmt":"2013-01-08T02:19:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=41647"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:22:13","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:22:13","slug":"41647","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/41647\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5982\u4f55\u5275\u9020\u5049\u5927\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pf-content\"><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u5982\u4f55\u5275\u9020\u5049\u5927\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4<\/span><\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>\u77e5\u8b58\u901a\u8a0a\u8a55\u8ad6\u7b2c<\/strong><strong>121<\/strong><strong>\u671f<\/strong><\/span><strong> 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Crick\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7e3d\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5728\u5176\u8f1d\u714c\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u64c1\u6709\u4e5d\u6b21\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u7684\u5341\u4e09\u540d\u5f97\u4e3b\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u53e6\u5916\u516b\u4f4d\u66fe\u5728\u6b64\u66ab\u6642\u57f9\u8a13\u6216\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5f97\u4e3b\u3002\u8eab\u70ba\u528d\u6a4b\u5927\u5b78\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u55ae\u4f4d\uff0c\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u8a95\u751f\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u6562\u9810\u6e2c\uff0c\u5176\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6703\u5982\u6b64\u6210\u529f\u4e14\u6210\u679c\u8c50\u78a9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5b83\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u512a\u79c0\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7279\u9ede\u3002\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u7522\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u8a13\u7df4\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u74b0\u7e5e\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u8208\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5275\u65b0\u548c\u8208\u596e\uff1b\u4e5f\u8a31\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u5929\u8ce6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e26\u5177\u5099\u8b93\u4e8b\u60c5\u505a\u6210\u7684\u500b\u6027\u548c\u9060\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u5178\u7bc4\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c1b\u570d\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u5316\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5353\u8d8a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u90fd\u5171\u4eab\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u660e\u661f\u7279\u8cea\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0b\u627e\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u6211\u7c21\u8981\u7684\u6aa2\u8996\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u5148\u4f8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u6bcd\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u751f\u6d3b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u662f\u55ae\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5834\u6240\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u5169\u500b\u52a9\u7406\u3002\u5316\u5b78\u5bb6\u62c9\u74e6\u932b\uff08Antoine Lavoisier\uff0c\u4e00\u4e03\u56db\u4e09\uff5e\u4e00\u4e03\u4e5d\u56db\uff09\uff0c\u8207\u966a\u4f34\u5728\u4ed6\u8eab\u908a\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u50d5\u4eba\u7d93\u5e38\u8944\u52a9\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\uff08Justus von Liebig\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u25cb\u4e09\uff5e\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u4e09\uff09\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u683c\u5c40\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u5728\u5fb7\u570b\u5409\u68ee\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u6210\u7acb\u65bc\u4e00\u516b\u4e8c\u516d\u5e74\uff0c\u4e26\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u8072\u8b7d\u3002\u5b83\u5438\u5f15\u4f86\u81ea\u6b50\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u4e26\u4f7f\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u7372\u5f97\u300c\u5316\u5b78\u5bb6\u57f9\u80b2\u8005\u300d\u7684\u8072\u8b7d\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u662f\u4f7f\u5fb7\u570b\u5927\u5b78\u4ee4\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u7fa8\u6155\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6559\u5b78\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65e9\u671f\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5b83\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u623f\u9593\u8d77\u5bb6\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u684c\u74b0\u7e5e\u8457\u623f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u706b\u5806\u3002\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u5c0d\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u7d44\u6210\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e38\u51fa\u8272\uff1b\u4ed6\u5c0d\u65bc\u8fb2\u696d\u3001\u5de5\u696d\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5c08\u6ce8\uff0c\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e36\u4f86\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e3b\u984c\u5316\u7684\u98a8\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u8a13\u7df4\u4ed6\u7684\u9580\u5f92\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8b39\u614e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u5b9a\u6027\u5206\u6790\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5b78\u751f\u8702\u64c1\u5411\u4ed6\u6c42\u6559\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u96a8\u8457\u4ed6\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u8981\u8077\uff0c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u5316\u5b78\u4e5f\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u660e\u986f\u7684\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u98a8\u683c\u3002\u8b58\u5225\u5c16\u7aef\u554f\u984c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u57f9\u990a\u5b78\u751f\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6a19\u8a18\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u6574\u500b\u5fb7\u570b\u5927\u5b78\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u751f\u7269\u91ab\u5b78\u8207\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u5b78\u9580\uff0c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u7684\u5275\u8209\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57f9\u8a13\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\uff08\u4e00\u516b\u56db\u4e5d\uff5e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u516d\uff09\u91cd\u9ede\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5c07\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u5929\u8ce6\uff0c\u5e36\u5165\u4ed6\u5728\u4fc4\u7f85\u65af\u8056\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u4e00\u624b\u7b56\u5283\u7684\u300c\u751f\u7406\u5de5\u5ee0\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u88e1\u4ee5\u5c0d\u72d7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u805e\u540d\u3002\u4ed6\u5c07\u4e00\u4e9b\u88fd\u9020\u696d\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u624b\u4e0b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u958b\u59cb\u5c08\u696d\u5206\u5de5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u51b7\u9818\u57df\uff08\u5982\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u8853\u3001\u5316\u5b78\u3001\u72d7\u8655\u7406\uff09\u7684\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5c31\u9023\u72d7\u4e5f\u6709\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u5340\u5206\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u72d7\u5206\u5225\u6709\u6c38\u4e45\u80c3\u763a\u3001\u98df\u7ba1\u3001\u80f0\u817a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u79d1\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8b93\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5373\u6642\u6aa2\u67e5\u5176\u751f\u7406\u6a5f\u8f49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u7684\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u300d\u6700\u7d42\u4f54\u9818\u4e86\u4e00\u6574\u500b\u5efa\u7bc9\uff1b\u9019\u5df2\u7d93\u63a5\u8fd1\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u8207\u548c\u66f4\u65e9\u6642\u5019\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u55ae\u4e00\u623f\u9593\uff0c\u5df2\u4e0d\u53ef\u540c\u65e5\u800c\u8a9e\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u79d1\u5b78\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u8907\u96dc\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u7d50\u69cb\u6bd4\u8d77\u6211\u5011\u7528\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u9032\u5316\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\u3002<!--more--><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_41649\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41649\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-41649 \" title=\"a\" src=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a-300x218.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a-300x218.jpg 300w, http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a-1024x746.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a.jpg 1683w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-41649\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u679c\u8805\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff1a\u6469\u6839\uff08Thomas Hunt Morgan\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u516d\u516d\uff5e\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e94\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u5728\u7d10\u7d04\u54e5\u502b\u6bd4\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u679c\u8805\u623f\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u623f\u9593\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u5be6\u9a57\u907a\u50b3\u5b78\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u679c\u8805\uff08Drosophila melanogaster\uff09\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002\u84bc\u8805\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u7e41\u6b96\u9031\u671f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u56db\u500b\u5927\u7684\u67d3\u8272\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u6210\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u67d3\u8272\u9ad4\u6e1b\u6578\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u6709\u7d72\u5206\u88c2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8207\u6210\u5e74\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u7279\u5fb5\u76f8\u95dc\u6027\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u9078\u64c7\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u5076\u7136\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u6469\u6839\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u4e00\u96bb\u6709\u767d\u8272\u773c\u775b\u7684\u84bc\u8805\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u7d05\u8272\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u5f15\u5c0e\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u6027\u67d3\u8272\u9ad4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6469\u6839\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u6709\u624d\u83ef\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5468\u570d\u4e5f\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u540c\u6a23\u6709\u5929\u8ce6\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u548c\u535a\u58eb\u5f8c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u65af\u7279\u63d0\u6587\u7279\uff08Alfred Sturtevant\uff09\uff0c\u5e03\u91cc\u5409\u65af\uff08Calvin Bridges\uff09\u548c\u7a46\u52d2\uff08Hermann J. Muller\uff09\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6469\u6839\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u7f8e\u570b\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u8cb4\u65cf\uff0c\u537b\u662f\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u539f\u5247\u904b\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9020\u6210\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4ecd\u5728\u722d\u8ad6\u4e0d\u540c\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ca2\u737b\u3002\u6469\u6839\u672c\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e09\u5e74\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u751f\u7406\u91ab\u5b78\u734e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u628a\u734e\u91d1\u5206\u7d66\u65af\u7279\u63d0\u6587\u7279\u548c\u5e03\u91cc\u5409\u65af\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6559\u80b2\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7a46\u52d2\uff08\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u8f3b\u5c04\u5c0d\u7a81\u8b8a\u7387\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8d0f\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u516d\u5e74\u7684\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u751f\u7406\u91ab\u5b78\u734e\uff09\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u6469\u6839\u6709\u6642\u6703\u525d\u524a\u4ed6\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u3002\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u63db\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5949\u737b\uff0c\u662f\u767c\u73fe\u679c\u8805\u907a\u50b3\u5b78\u7684\u6210\u529f\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u674e\u6bd4\u5e0c\u3001\u5df4\u752b\u6d1b\u592b\u548c\u6469\u6839\u5404\u81ea\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u5225\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u7684\u9802\u5c16\u6210\u7e3e\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u6709\u624d\u83ef\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e26\u5b55\u80b2\u51fa\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002\u6bcf\u500b\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u90fd\u5e36\u8457\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u96c4\u5fc3\u548c\u500b\u6027\u7684\u5370\u8a18\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\u548c\u6a5f\u69cb\u6210\u529f\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u90fd\u76f8\u7576\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u6469\u6839\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5f62\u614b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f62\u614b\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u3002\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u96b1\u8eab\u5728\u528d\u6a4b\u5927\u5b78\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u8d77\u5bb6\uff1b\u5f9e\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u9762\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u6700\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4f7c\u4f7c\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u59cb\u65bc\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u56db\u5e74\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u4efb\u99ac\u514b\u58eb\u5a01\uff08James Clerk Maxwell\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u4e09\u4e00\uff5e\u4e00\u516b\u4e03\u4e5d\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u725b\u9813\u548c\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e4b\u9593\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u99ac\u514b\u58eb\u5a01\u662f\u500b\u548c\u5584\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u64c1\u6709\u8c50\u5bcc\u7684\u5275\u610f\u982d\u8166\u548c\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u8070\u660e\u624d\u667a\uff0c\u5c0d\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u554f\u984c\u4f5c\u51fa\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4e26\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6b50\u65af\u5fb7\uff08Hans Christian \u00d8rsted\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\uff08Michael Faraday\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u958b\u555f\u7684\u96fb\u78c1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u592a\u967d\u5149\u4ee5\u96fb\u78c1\u6ce2\u578b\u5f0f\u5411\u6211\u5011\u653e\u5c04\uff0c\u4e26\u540c\u6642\u9810\u6e2c\u4e86\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u751f\u6d3b\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u8f3b\u5c04\u5c04\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8a31\u591a\u9019\u4e9b\u9032\u6b65\u4f86\u81ea\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\uff0c\u59cb\u65bc\u6e6f\u59c6\u68ee\uff08J. J. Thomson\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u4e94\u516d\uff5e\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u25cb\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5728\u4e00\u516b\u4e5d\u4e03\u5e74\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e\u5f97\u4e3b\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u6210\u529f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u8b58\u624d\u8005\u3002\u800c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u6703\u5438\u5f15\u5fd7\u5411\u9060\u5927\u4e14\u512a\u79c0\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u62c9\u745f\u798f\uff08Ernest Rutherford\uff0c\u4e00\u516b\u4e5d\u4e00\uff5e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u4e03\uff09\u4f86\u81ea\u7d10\u897f\u862d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6e6f\u59c6\u68ee\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7d44\u800c\u52a0\u5165\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u7d10\u897f\u862d\u8301\u58ef\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8499\u7279\u5a41\u548c\u82f1\u570b\u66fc\u5fb9\u65af\u7279\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e5d\u5e74\u7e7c\u6e6f\u59c6\u68ee\u63a5\u4e0b\u4e3b\u4efb\u4e00\u8077\u3002\u4ed6\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u4f86\u81ea\u66fc\u5fb9\u65af\u7279\u7684\u67e5\u5fb7\u5a01\u514b\uff08James Chadwick\uff09\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u6700\u521d\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u6838\u7269\u7406\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_41648\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41648\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-41648\" title=\"a1\" src=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a11-300x228.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"228\" srcset=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a11-300x228.jpg 300w, http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a11.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-41648\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u4e00\u4e5d\u516d\u4e8c\u5e74(\u5de6\u8d77)\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\u3001\u83ef\u751f\u3001\u80af\u5fb7\u9b6f\u3001\u514b\u91cc\u514b\u8207\u82f1\u570bBBC\u4e3b\u6301\u4eba(\u4e2d)\u8ac7\u8ad6\u5176\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u734e<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u516d\u4e8c\u5e74\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5efa\u7bc9\u524d\uff0c\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u53ea\u662f\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u55ae\u4f4d\u5728\u3002\u5176\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u4efb\u8077\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\uff08\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u56db\uff5e\u4e8c\u25cb\u25cb\u4e8c\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u98a8\u683c\u548c\u500b\u6027\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u3002\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\u662f\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u516d\u5e74\u4f86\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u683c\u862d\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u8207\u528d\u6a4b\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b78\u5148\u9a45\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\uff08Frederick Gowland Hopkins\uff09\u5171\u4e8b\u3002\u4e00\u5834\u8207X\u5c04\u7dda\u6676\u9ad4\u5b78\u5bb6\u8c9d\u723e\u7d0d\uff08J. D. Bernal\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4ecd\u5728\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\uff09\u7684\u6703\u8ac7\uff0c\u4f7f\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0cX\u5c04\u7dda\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u89e3\u6c7a\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\u53c8\u82b1\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u54c1\u8cea\u9069\u65bc\u7528X\u5c04\u7dda\u884d\u5c04\u6280\u8853\u5206\u6790\u7684\u99ac\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u6676\u9ad4\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\uff0c\u5728\u4e03\u5e74\u904e\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u624d\u80fd\u56de\u5230\u9019\u500b\u4ed6\u6295\u5165\u4e00\u751f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9019\u500b\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6230\u722d\u7206\u767c\u524d\u7684\u5e7e\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u4f4f\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u862d\uff0c\u537b\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5916\u570b\u6575\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u25cb\u5e74\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u88ab\u95dc\u62bc\u4e86\u4e5d\u500b\u6708\u3002\u5176\u9918\u7684\u6230\u722d\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u8a2d\u8a08\u822a\u7a7a\u6bcd\u8266\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7576\u6642\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u4e3b\u4efb\u5e03\u5217\u683c\uff08Lawrence Bragg\uff09\u7684\u9f13\u52f5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\u56de\u5230\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u548c\u80af\u5fb7\u9b6f\uff08John Kendrew\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e03\uff5e\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e03\uff09\u4e00\u540c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u528d\u6a4b\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5275\u59cb\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u91ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u4e8b\u6703\u958b\u59cb\u652f\u6301\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\u548c\u80af\u5fb7\u9b6f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5718\u968a\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u300cMRC\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7d71\u5206\u5b50\u7d50\u69cb\u7814\u7a76\u55ae\u4f4d\u300d\u3002\u4f69\u9b6f\u8328\u5f62\u5bb9\u7576\u6642\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u5316\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u300d\uff1a\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u76f8\u7576\u6e96\u78ba\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u300d\u4e4b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6295\u5165\uff0c\u6b64\u9818\u57df\u540d\u7a31\u65bc\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e09\u516b\u5e74\u7531\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u97cb\u5f17\uff08Warren Weaver\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_41650\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-41650\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-41650\" title=\"a3\" src=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a3-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a3-300x300.png 300w, http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a3-150x150.png 150w, http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a3-1024x1024.png 1024w, http:\/\/localhost\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/a3.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-41650\" 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