{"id":40781,"date":"2011-11-03T18:10:12","date_gmt":"2011-11-03T10:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=40781"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:22:43","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:22:43","slug":"%e9%81%9e%e5%bb%ba%e5%8e%9f%e7%90%86aufbau-principle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/%e9%81%9e%e5%bb%ba%e5%8e%9f%e7%90%86aufbau-principle\/","title":{"rendered":"\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406(Aufbau Principle)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406(Aufbau Principle)<\/span>
\n\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u5b78\u58eb\u751f\u5f35\u80b2\u5510\/\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u9673\u85f9\u7136\u535a\u58eb\u8cac\u4efb\u7de8\u8f2f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406(Aufbau Principle)\u6307\u96fb\u5b50\u6703\u512a\u5148\u586b\u5165\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u3002\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406\u8207\u5305\u7acb\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u539f\u7406(Pauli exclusion Principle)\u3001\u6d2a\u5fb7\u5b9a\u5247(Hund’s Rule)\u70ba\u63cf\u8ff0\u591a\u96fb\u5b50\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u57fa\u614b\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b(Electronic Configuration)\u6240\u9075\u5faa\u7684\u4e09\u9805\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300cAufbau\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u500b\u540d\u7a31\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u5fb7\u6587\uff0c\u610f\u7fa9\u5373\u662f\u5efa\u7bc9\u3001\u69cb\u7bc9\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u7531\u6ce2\u8033(Niels Bohr, 1885\u20131962)\u8207\u5305\u7acb(Wolfgang Pauli, 1900\u20131958)\u65bc1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u525b\u958b\u59cb\u70ba\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u61c9\u65bc\u96fb\u5b50\u6027\u8cea\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u7269\u7406\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u89e3\u91cb\u5316\u5b78\u6027\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6839\u64da\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u6839\u64da\u8ecc\u57df\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u4f9d\u5e8f\u586b\u5165\uff0c\u512a\u5148\u5360\u6709\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8ecc\u57df\u3002\u591a\u96fb\u5b50\u539f\u5b50\u80fd\u968e\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u900f\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u7d93\u9a57\u898f\u5247\u2500\u2500\u99ac\u5fb7\u9686\u898f\u5247(Madelung Principle)\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u8003\u616e\u8ecc\u57df\u7684 $$n+l$$ \u4e4b\u548c\uff08$$n=$$ \u4e3b\u91cf\u5b50\u6578 principle quantum number\uff1b$$l=$$ \u89d2\u91cf\u5b50\u6578 azimuthal quantum number\uff09\uff0c\u4f9d\u5e8f\u7531\u4f4e\u5230\u9ad8\u586b\u5165\uff1b\u800c\u7576 $$n+l$$ \u76f8\u7b49\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u7531 $$n$$ <\/i>\u8f03\u5c0f\u7684\u5148\u884c\u586b\u5165\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a$$4s$$ \u548c $$3d$$\u3002<\/p>\n

$$4s: n + l = 4 + 0 = 4$$
\n$$3d: n + l = 3 + 2 = 5$$<\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\u96fb\u5b50\u6703\u5148\u586b\u5165 $$4s$$ \u518d\u586b\u5165 $$3d$$\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6545\u591a\u96fb\u5b50\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u80fd\u968e\u80fd\u91cf\u7531\u4f4e\u5230\u9ad8\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u70ba\uff1a
\n$$1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d< 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d$$<\/p>\n

\u65bc\u662f\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u8ecc\u57df\u586b\u5165\u7684\u9806\u5e8f\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u7e6a\u5716\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e00\u500b\u898f\u5247\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u8ecc\u57df\u586b\u5145\u9806\u5e8f\u7684\u5927\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u9031\u671f\u8868\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u3001\u5404\u5143\u7d20\u6392\u5217\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5c31\u662f\u9075\u5faa\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\u8996\u9055\u53cd\u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7b2c 6 \u65cf\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6d2a\u5fb7\u5b9a\u5247\u7684\u7de3\u6545\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u534a\u586b\u6eff\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8f03\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8a72\u65cf\u7684\u50f9\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\u4e0d\u662f $$ns^2(n-1)d^4$$\uff0c\u800c\u662f $$ns^1(n-1)d^5$$\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u927b(Cr)\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\u70ba $$\\mathrm{[Ar]}3d^54s^1$$\u3002\u7b2c11\u65cf\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u50f9\u96fb\u5b50\u512a\u5148\u586b\u6eff $$d$$ \u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u6545\u8a72\u65cf\u7684\u50f9\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\u4e0d\u662f $$ns^2(n-1)d^9$$\uff0c\u800c\u662f $$ns^1(n-1)d^{10}$$\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u9285(Cu)\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\u70ba $$\\mathrm{[Ar]}3d^{10}4s^1$$\u3002\u800c\u96a8\u8457\u5143\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u5e8f\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u904e\u6e21\u91d1\u5c6c\u8207\u5167\u904e\u6e21\u91d1\u5c6c\uff08\u9312\u7cfb\u8207\u946d\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\uff09\u7684\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4e4b\u9593\u66f4\u8da8\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u6cc1\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\u946d(La)\u8207\u9312(Ac)\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7406\u7576\u5148\u586b\u5165\u4e00\u500b $$4f$$ \u6216 $$5f$$ \u7684\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u5148\u586b\u5165\u4e86 $$5d$$ \u6216\u662f $$6d$$ \u7684\u8ecc\u57df\u7576\u4e2d\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5143\u7d20\u9031\u671f\u8868\u5728\u7e6a\u88fd\u4e0a\u7684\u722d\u8b70\u3002
\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Zumdahl, S. S. Chemical Principles, 5th edition; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, 2003; pp. 550-553.<\/li>\n
  2. WIKIPEDIA\u2014Aufbau principle\u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aufbau_principle<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u905e\u5efa\u539f\u7406(Aufbau Principle) \u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u5b78\u58eb\u751f\u5f35\u80b2\u5510\/\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u9673\u85f9\u7136\u535a\u58eb\u8cac\u4efb…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[108,55,54],"tags":[4443,4442,1073],"class_list":["post-40781","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemistry00","category-chemistry02-01","category-chemistry02","tag-aufbau-principle","tag-4442","tag-1073","avhec_catgroup-all","loop-entry","cat-108","cat-55","cat-54","no-thumbnail"],"views":43125,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40781","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40781"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":87785,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40781\/revisions\/87785"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}