{"id":3496,"date":"2010-01-01T12:26:15","date_gmt":"2010-01-01T04:26:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/?p=3496"},"modified":"2021-10-06T16:33:22","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T08:33:22","slug":"%e5%8e%9f%e5%ad%90%e8%bb%8c%e5%9f%9f%ef%bc%88atomic-orbital%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/localhost\/%e5%8e%9f%e5%ad%90%e8%bb%8c%e5%9f%9f%ef%bc%88atomic-orbital%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\uff08Atomic orbital\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pf-content\"><p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df(Atomic orbital<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #008000;\">\u9ad8\u96c4\u5e02\u7acb\u9ad8\u96c4\u9ad8\u7d1a\u4e2d\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u79d1\u9673\u85dd\u83c1\u8001\u5e2b<span lang=\"EN-US\">\/<\/span>\u570b\u7acb\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u5f35\u7956\u8f9b\u526f\u6559\u6388\u8cac\u4efb\u7de8\u8f2f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">1904<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6<span lang=\"EN-US\">Hantaro Nagaoka<\/span>\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u96fb\u5b50\u4ee5\u985e\u4f3c\u74b0\u7e5e\u8ecc\u9053\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">orbit<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u5167\u904b\u8f49\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5230<span lang=\"EN-US\">1913<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6ce2\u8033\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u96fb\u5b50\u5c31\u50cf\u884c\u661f\u7e5e\u592a\u967d\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u52d5\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u7e5e\u8457\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u8ecc\u9053\u4e0a\u904b\u884c\u3002\u76f4\u5230<span lang=\"EN-US\">1926<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u4ee5\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">quantum mechanics<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\u6ce2\u51fd\u6578\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u4e2d\u63a1\u7528<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u3001<span lang=\"EN-US\">l<\/span>\u3001<span lang=\"EN-US\">m<\/span>\u4e09\u500b\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">quantum numbers<\/span>\uff09\u5448\u73fe\u7a7a\u9593\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce2\u51fd\u6578\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">wave functions<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u96fb\u5b50\u7d44\u614b\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">electron configurations<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u96fb\u5b50\u6240\u4f54\u6709\u7684\u8ecc\u57df\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">orbital<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u300c\u8ecc\u57df\u300d\u53d6\u4ee3\u300c\u8ecc\u9053\u300d\u9019\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u96fb\u5b50\u4e0d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5f62\u72c0\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u6642\uff0c\u5c07\u96fb\u5b50\u985e\u6bd4\u70ba\u5728\u6975\u5c0f\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u65c1\uff0c\u4f3c\u6c23\u9ad4\u822c\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5927\u7bc4\u570d\u4e14\u5206\u5e03\u5f62\u72c0\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u96f2\uff0c\u66f4\u70ba\u9069\u5207\uff1b\u800c\u9019\u8207\u53e4\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u8ecc\u9053\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u662f\u4ee5\u6578\u5b78\u51fd\u6578\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">function<\/span>\uff09\u63cf\u8ff0\u539f\u5b50\u4e2d\u96fb\u5b50\u4f3c\u6ce2\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u6b64\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u6ce2\u51fd\u6578\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u8a08\u7b97\uff1a\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5916\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u539f\u5b50\u4e2d\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u7a7a\u9593\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u8ecc\u57df\u662f\u6307\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u6838\u5916\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u7a7a\u9593\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u5f9e\u7d71\u8a08\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u5c31\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u5916\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u6a5f\u7387\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u5340\u57df\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u6838\u5916\u5404\u8655\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u5c0f\u9ed1\u9ede\u7684\u758f\u5bc6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u9ed1\u9ede\u5bc6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5927\uff1b\u9ed1\u9ede\u7a00\u758f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5247\u8868\u793a\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5c0f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5716\u5f62\u7a31\u70ba\u96fb\u5b50\u96f2\u5716\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u96f2\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u6838\u5916\u7a7a\u9593\u5404\u8655\u51fa\u73fe\u6a5f\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5316\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u51fd\u6578\u63cf\u8ff0\u96fb\u5b50\u96f2\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">electron cloud<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u500b\u5225\u96fb\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u614b\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">quantum states<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u51fd\u6578\u7531\u4e09\u500b\u8b8a\u6578\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">variables<\/span>\uff09\u6240\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u8b8a\u6578\u63cf\u8ff0\u96fb\u5b50\u8ddd\u6838\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\uff0c\u53e6\u5169\u500b\u5247\u8207\u89d2\u5ea6\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u89e3\u9019\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6ce2\u51fd\u6578\u9700\u5f15\u5165\u4e00\u5957\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u53c3\u6578<span lang=\"EN-US\">n,l,m<\/span>\uff0c\u7d71\u7a31\u70ba\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b<span lang=\"EN-US\">n,l,m<\/span>\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6ce2\u51fd\u6578\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u96fb\u5b50\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7a69\u5b9a\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u70ba\u4e3b\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">principal quantum number<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u9700\u53d6\u6b63\u6574\u6578\uff1b<span lang=\"EN-US\">l<\/span>\u70ba\u89d2\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">angular quantum number<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u53d6<span lang=\"EN-US\">0<\/span>\u548c\u5c0f\u65bc<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u7684\u6b63\u6574\u6578\uff1b<span lang=\"EN-US\">m<\/span>\u70ba\u78c1\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">magnetic quantum number<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u53d6<span lang=\"EN-US\">+l~-l<\/span>\u9593\u7684\u6574\u6578\u3002\u7279\u5b9a\u7d44\u5408\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u78ba\u5b9a\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df\u3002\u8ecc\u57df\u4ee5<span lang=\"EN-US\">nl<sup>y<\/sup><\/span>\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u8868\u793a\uff0c<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u662f\u4e3b\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff1b<span lang=\"EN-US\">l<\/span>\u5373\u662f\u89d2\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ecc\u57df\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u3002\u53f3\u4e0a\u7684\u6578\u5b57<span lang=\"EN-US\">y<\/span>\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u6b64\u8ecc\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u500b\u6578\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<span lang=\"EN-US\">1s<sup>2<\/sup><\/span>\u8868\u793a\u6709\u5169\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5c64\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">n=1<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u89d2\u91cf\u5b50\u6578<span lang=\"EN-US\">l = 0<\/span>\u3002\u5728<span lang=\"EN-US\">X<\/span>\u5149\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9818\u57df\u88e1\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\u5c0d\u61c9\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u7576<span lang=\"EN-US\">n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 \u2026..<\/span>\u5206\u5225\u5c0d\u61c9<span lang=\"EN-US\">K, L, M, N, O\u2026.<\/span>\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u4e3b\u6bbc\u5c64\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">shell<\/span>\uff09\uff1b<span lang=\"EN-US\">l =0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 \u2026..<\/span>\u5206\u5225\u5c0d\u61c9<span lang=\"EN-US\">s, p, d, f, g\u2026.<\/span>\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u526f\u6bbc\u5c64\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">subshell<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u91cf\u5b50\u6578<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u6700\u65e9\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6ce2\u8033\u6a21\u578b\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">Bohr model<\/span>\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u63a7\u5236\u96fb\u5b50\u96e2\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u9060\u8fd1\uff1b\u7576<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u503c\u76f8\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u96e2\u6838\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u5373\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u78ba\u8a8d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u503c\u7684\u8ecc\u57df\uff0c\u5176\u6027\u8cea\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u540c\u5c07<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u503c\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u8ecc\u57df\u7a31\u70ba\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u6bbc\u5c64\uff08<span lang=\"EN-US\">shell<\/span>\uff09<span lang=\"EN-US\">: K, L, M, N, O\u2026.<\/span>\uff1b\u800c\u7576\u8ecc\u57df\u7684<span lang=\"EN-US\">n<\/span>\u8207<span lang=\"EN-US\">l<\/span>\u503c\u5747\u76f8\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u8ecc\u57df\u6027\u8cea\u66f4\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u540c\u4e00\u526f\u6bbc\u5c64\u3002\u8ecc\u57df<span lang=\"EN-US\">s, p, d, f<\/span>\u7684\u540d\u7a31\uff0c\u5247\u6e90\u65bc\u5c0d\u539f\u5b50\u5149\u8b5c\u7279\u5fb5\u8b5c\u7dda\u5916\u89c0\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1b\u5206\u70ba\u92b3\u7cfb\u5149\u8b5c\uff08<strong><span style=\"font-family: &amp;amp;quot;\" lang=\"EN-US\">s<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">harp<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u4e3b\u7cfb\u5149\u8b5c\uff08<strong><span style=\"font-family: &amp;amp;quot;\" lang=\"EN-US\">p<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">rincipal<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u6f2b\u7cfb\u5149\u8b5c\uff08<strong><span style=\"font-family: &amp;amp;quot;\" lang=\"EN-US\">d<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">iffuse<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u57fa\u7cfb\u5149\u8b5c\uff08<strong><span style=\"font-family: &amp;amp;quot;\" lang=\"EN-US\">f<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\">undamental<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5247\u4f9d\u5b57\u6bcd\u5e8f\u547d\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599<span lang=\"EN-US\"><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_orbital\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_orbital<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u57df(Atomic orbital \u9ad8\u96c4\u5e02\u7acb\u9ad8\u96c4\u9ad8\u7d1a\u4e2d\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u79d1\u9673\u85dd\u83c1\u8001\u5e2b\/\u570b\u7acb\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b78\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u5f35\u7956\u8f9b\u526f\u6559\u6388\u8cac&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[108,55,54],"tags":[2582,1072],"class_list":["post-3496","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemistry00","category-chemistry02-01","category-chemistry02","tag-2582","tag-1072","loop-entry","cat-108","cat-55","cat-54","no-thumbnail"],"views":35495,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3496","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3496"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3496\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":90014,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3496\/revisions\/90014"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3496"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3496"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/localhost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3496"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}