{"id":45319,"date":"2025-04-30T18:00:31","date_gmt":"2025-04-30T10:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=45319"},"modified":"2025-04-29T15:58:31","modified_gmt":"2025-04-29T07:58:31","slug":"%e9%9d%92%e9%8a%85%e5%8a%8d%e8%88%87%e5%85%a9%e5%91%a8%e9%87%91%e6%96%87%e7%9a%84%e3%80%8c%e5%8a%8d%e3%80%8d%e5%ad%97%ef%bc%88%e4%b8%8b%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=45319","title":{"rendered":"\u9752\u9285\u528d\u8207\u5169\u5468\u91d1\u6587\u7684\u300c\u528d\u300d\u5b57\uff08\u4e0b\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u64b0\u6587\uff5c\u6c5f\u67cf\u6bc5<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u662f\u300c\u528d\u300d\u7684\u53e4\u7a31\u5462\uff1f\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u5fb7\u88d4\u7f8e\u570b\u7c4d\u6f22\u5b78\u5bb6\u590f\u5fb7 (Friedrich Hirth) \u66fe\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u61c9\u662f\u7a81\u53a5\u8a9eqynghr\u00e2q (kingrak) \u7684\u97f3\u8b6f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u540c\u73fe\u4ee3\u6f22\u8a9e\u88e1\u7684\u5409\u666e\u3001\u52a0\u8fb2\u3001\u96f7\u9054\u3001\u74e6\u65af\u3001\u5496\u5561\u3001\u9999\u6ab3\u7b49\u5916\u4f86\u8a5e\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5bec\u8eab\u5200\u6216\u5169\u5203\u5200\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u745e\u5178\u6f22\u5b78\u5bb6\u9ad8\u672c\u6f22 (Bernhard Karlgren)\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u6771\u6d0b\u53f2\u5b78\u8005\u767d\u9ce5\u5eab\u5409\u3001\u6211\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c91\u4ef2\u52c9\u90fd\u8d0a\u6210\u6b64\u8aaa\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6797\u6885\u6751\u5c0d\u300c\u528d\u300d\u7684\u53e4\u7a31\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u770b\u6cd5\uff08\u8a3b\u4e8c\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u65e9\u671f\u51fa\u73fe\u65bc\u4e2d\u539f\u7684\u9752\u9285\u528d\u662f\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u8fd1\u6771\uff0c\u5f8c\u7d93\u7531\u4e2d\u5916\u4ea4\u6d41\u6240\u50b3\u5165\uff0c\u8207\u539f\u59cb\u5370\u6b50\u4eba\u5728\u6771\u65b9\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u4ed6\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7d72\u7da2\u4e4b\u8def\u4e0a\u6240\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u5341\u4e03\u7a2e\u6771\u65b9\u8a9e\u8a00\u6216\u65b9\u8a00\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u528d\u300d\u5b57\u90fd\u6e90\u65bc\u539f\u59cb\u5370\u6b50\u8a9e\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u63a8\u6e2c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7fa4\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u528d\u300d\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u904e\u5410\u706b\u7f85\u4eba\u6700\u65e9\u50b3\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\u897f\u90e8\u7684\uff08\u8a3b\u4e09\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u53e4\u6f22\u8a9e\u88e1\u7684\u300c\u528d\u300d\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u5410\u706b\u7f85\u8a9ekare\u6708\u6c0f\u65b9\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6797\u6885\u6751\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u8a8d\u70ba\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u4f86\u81ea\u57df\u5916\u7684\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u76e7\u9023\u6210\u4e5f\u8a8d\u7232\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u9054\u7c73\u4e9e\u5357\u90e8\u6770\u59c6\u4ee3\u7279\uff65\u5948\u65af\u723e\u6587\u5316 (Jemdet Nasr Culture) \u53ca\u5e74\u4ee3\u7a0d\u665a\u7684\u7684\u8607\u7f8e\u2015\u963f\u5361\u5fb7 (Sumer Akkad) \u6642\u671f\u9752\u9285\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u7d93\u4f0a\u6717\u9ad8\u539f\u50b3\u64ad\u81f3\u4e2d\u4e9e\u3001\u5357\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9e\u548c\u8499\u53e4\u9ad8\u539f\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u9032\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\u3002\u6797\u6c84\u5f9e\u4f0a\u6717\u9b6f\u91cc\u65af\u5766\u907a\u5740\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u8607\u96f7\u7f8e\u8d6b\u907a\u5740II\u3001III\u5c64\u6240\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u5e36\u7a7f\u5b54\u6241\u8396\u77ed\u528d\u7372\u5f97\u555f\u767c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u897f\u4e9e\u81f3\u4e2d\u4e9e\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u4e26\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u900f\u904e\u7f8c\u4eba\u50b3\u5230\u965d\u897f\uff1b\u97d3\u91d1\u79cb\u4e5f\u8a8d\u540c\u6797\u6c84\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u88dc\u5145\u5f9e\u897f\u4e9e\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u50b3\u64ad\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6b50\u4e9e\u5927\u8349\u539f\u7684\u904a\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u70ba\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7684\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ee5\u904a\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u70ba\u4e2d\u4ecb\uff0c\u4fde\u5049\u8d85\u8a8d\u70ba\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u6b50\u6d32\u5357\u90e8\u9752\u9285\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u624d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u3002\u6bb5\u6e1d\u5247\u7279\u5225\u5c07\u56db\u5ddd\u76c6\u5730\u7684\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u8f03\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u9ede\u66f4\u53e4\u8001\u7d0d\u5165\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u516c\u5143\u524d\u4e09\u5343\u7d00\u7684\u8fd1\u6771\uff0c\u5176\u6771\u5411\u50b3\u64ad\u662f\u7531\u897f\u4e9e\u7d93\u4e2d\u4e9e\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u4f0a\u6717\u963f\u52d2\u5e03\u723e\u8332\u5c71\u8108 (Alborz mountains) \u8207\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u8607\u840a\u66fc\u5c71\u8108 (Sulaiman Mountains) \u9593\u7684\u5eca\u5e36\u9032\u5165\u5357\u4e9e\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8f3e\u8f49\u4f86\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u897f\u5357\u3002\u5468\u52c7\u8a8d\u540c\u6bb5\u6e1d\u6240\u4e3b\u5f35\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u8d77\u6e90\u65bc\u8fd1\u6771\uff0c\u7531\u897f\u4e9e\u7d93\u4e2d\u4e9e\u50b3\u64ad\u7684\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u50b3\u64ad\u8def\u5c31\u5728\u62b5\u9054\u4e2d\u4e9e\u5f8c\u662f\u5f9e\u963f\u723e\u6cf0\u5c71\u3001\u85a9\u5f65\u5dba\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5eca\u9053\u9032\u5165\u65b0\u7586\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u8349\u539f\u7d72\u7da2\u4e4b\u8def\u4f86\u5230\u7518\u9752\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u8def\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u8def\u8f3e\u8f49\u9032\u5165\u95dc\u4e2d\u76c6\u5730\uff0c\u4e26\u6301\u7e8c\u5411\u5357\u50b3\u5165\u6f22\u4e2d\u76c6\u5730\u8207\u56db\u5ddd\u76c6\u5730\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u8def\u5247\u9015\u76f4\u6cbf\u7518\u9752\u9ad8\u539f\u6771\u7de3\u9032\u5165\u56db\u5ddd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u770b\u6cd5\u96d6\u4f3c\u6709\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5404\u968e\u6bb5\u50b3\u64ad\u767c\u751f\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u90fd\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e0d\u6e05\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u50b3\u64ad\u7684\u52d5\u56e0\u3001\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u9077\u5f99\uff0c\u8cbf\u6613\u4ea4\u6d41\u6216\u6230\u722d\u7b49\uff0c\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u4e5f\u90fd\u7121\u6cd5\u900f\u904e\u8003\u53e4\u8b49\u64da\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u5206\u6790\uff08\u4f8b\u5982mtDNA\u3001\u7a69\u5b9a\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u3001\u5316\u5b78\u6210\u5206\u3001\u5ca9\u8c61\u5b78\u7b49\uff09\u4f86\u5177\u9ad4\u8b49\u660e\u3002\u8003\u91cf\u5230\u6587\u5316\u50b3\u64ad\u5728\u5668\u7269\u54c1\u9805\u3001\u98a8\u683c\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u6703\u53ea\u6709\u55ae\u9805\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u63ed\u767c\u73fe\u6709\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u7684\u5546\u5468\u6642\u671f\u907a\u5740\u5728\u528d\u4e4b\u5916\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u51fa\u571f\u5668\u7269\u6709\u986f\u8457\u7684\u57df\u5916\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u8aaa\u5404\u7a2e\u50b3\u64ad\u8def\u7dda\u770b\u6cd5\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u55ae\u6191\u5730\u5716\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5668\u7269\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5047\u8aaa\u7f77\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n

\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u6709\u5ee3\u53d7\u5b78\u754c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u56db\u5ddd\u76c6\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\u56db\u5ddd\u76c6\u5730\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u4e0d\u50c5\u5e74\u4ee3\u6700\u65e9\u3001\u5f62\u5236\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u9285\u8cea\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u4f5c\u70ba\u5175\u5668\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u6f22\u4e2d\u3001\u95dc\u4e2d\u76c6\u5730\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u5340\u6240\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u5f62\u614b\u3001\u54c1\u8cea\u90fd\u8f03\u56db\u5ddd\u6709\u6240\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e5f\u8f03\u665a\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u662f\u7d93\u50b3\u5165\u5f8c\u518d\u6f14\u5316\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u897f\u5468\u65e9\u671f\u83ef\u5317\u50c5\u898b\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4fbf\u662f\u5468\u4eba\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u528d\u7684\u7a31\u547c\u3002\u5468\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u4e00\u8a9e\u4f86\u8868\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u77e5\u8a72\u4ee5\u4f55\u540d\u7a31\u4f86\u7a31\u547c\u9019\u7a2e\u900f\u904e\u8207\u9b5a\uff08\u5f13\u9b5a\uff09\u570b\u4ea4\u6d41\u6240\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u65b0\u5f0f\u5175\u5668\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u9078\u64c7\u4ee5\u77ed\u528d\u7684\u57df\u5916\u4e4b\u540d\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u4f86\u4ee3\u7a31\u4e4b\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u8207\u57df\u5916\u6c11\u65cf\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u77ed\u528d\u5916\u5f62\u662f\u6709\u5e7e\u5206\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u3002\u7531\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u97f3\u8f49\u70ba\u300c\u9431\u300d\u7684\u6642\u9593\u61c9\u767c\u751f\u5728\u897f\u5468\u65e9\u3001\u665a\u671f\u4e4b\u9593\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e2\u7136\u300c\u9431\u300d\u662f\u5468\u4eba\u900f\u904e\u5916\u4f86\u8a9e\u7684\u501f\u7528\u800c\u751f\u6210\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u5546\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u5c31\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u300c\u9431\u300d\u5b57\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e5f\u7684\u78ba\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5546\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u5546\u6587\u660e\u4e5f\u5f9e\u672a\u6709\u528d\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff08\u8a3b\u56db\uff09\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u66fe\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5546\u4ee3\u77ed\u528d\u7684\u8003\u53e4\u767c\u73fe\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u5982\u6cb3\u5357\u5b89\u967d\u6bb7\u589f\u82d7\u5703\u5317\u5730110\u865f\u5893\u3001\u5c71\u6771\u6c82\u6c34\u9ec3\u5c71\u92ea\u7070\u5751\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u4f3c\u77ed\u528d\u5175\u5668\uff08\u5716\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u662f\u9239\u800c\u975e\u77ed\u528d\uff08\u8a3b\u4e94\uff09\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5546\u4ee3\u7684\u9239\u53ea\u767c\u73fe\u4e94\u4ef6\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u6d41\u884c\u5175\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u5716\u4e00\uff1a\u6cb3\u5357\u6bb7\u589f\u82d7\u5703\u5317\u5730\u3001\u5c71\u6771\u6c82\u6c34\u9ec3\u5c71\u92ea\u51fa\u571f\u5546\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u9285\u9239\uff5c\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u6c88\u878d (2002)\u3001\u99ac\u74bd\u502b\u3001\u5b54\u51e1\u525b (1989)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5e38\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u9752\u9285\u528d\u70ba\u4f55\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u77ed\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u9019\u8207\u5176\u5408\u91d1\u6750\u6599\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65bc\u6230\u5834\u4e0a\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u6027\u6709\u6240\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f71\u97ff\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9752\u9285\u662f\u9285\u932b\u6216\u9285\u932b\u925b\u5408\u91d1\uff0c\u5176\u5408\u91d1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5dee\u7570\u5f71\u97ff\u9752\u9285\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u6027\u80fd (mechanical property)\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u932b\u542b\u91cf\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff08\u5f9e4%\u958b\u59cb\uff09\uff0c\u9752\u9285\u786c\u5ea6\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u6297\u62c9\u5f37\u5ea6 (tensile strength) \u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5148\u589e\u5927\u800c\u5f8c\u53c8\u9010\u6f38\u7e2e\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5ef6\u5c55\u5ea6 (elongation) \u6703\u96a8\u8457\u932b\u542b\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u9010\u6f38\u7e2e\u5c0f\uff0c\u7576\u542b\u932b\u91cf\u4ecb\u65bc6%\u81f312%\uff0c\u53ef\u540c\u6642\u64c1\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6297\u62c9\u5f37\u5ea6\u548c\u5ef6\u5c55\u5ea6\uff1b\u800c\u7576\u932b\u542b\u91cf\u9054\u523030%\uff0c\u5ef6\u5c55\u5ea6\u5df2\u70ba\u96f6\uff0c\u905450%\u5247\u4e00\u78b0\u5373\u788e\u3002\u9752\u9285\u5408\u91d1\u88e1\u52a0\u5165\u925b\uff08\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8981\u8d85\u904e4%\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u63d0\u9ad8\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u8010\u78e8\u5ea6\u8207\u6297\u62c9\u5f37\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u542b\u925b\u91cf\u904e\u9ad8\uff08\uff1e6%\uff09\u9752\u9285\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u6027\u80fd\u5c07\u8b8a\u5f97\u6975\u5dee\u3002\u9752\u9285\u528d\u5203\u90e8\u9808\u92d2\u5229\uff0c\u528d\u5cf0\u4e5f\u9700\u5c16\u92b3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u786c\u5ea6\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5377\u5203\u3001\u6298\u92d2\uff0c\u4f46\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u5728\u683c\u9b25\u6642\u528d\u8eab\u65b7\u6298\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6297\u62c9\u5f37\u5ea6\u548c\u5ef6\u5c55\u5ea6\u3002\u7d9c\u5408\u8003\u91cf\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9752\u9285\u528d\u7684\u932b\u542b\u91cf\u4ee515%\u5de6\u53f3\u70ba\u5b9c\uff08\u7576\u932b\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9054\u5230\u7d0414%\u81f318%\uff0c\u6297\u62c9\u5f37\u5ea6\u4e5f\u9010\u6f38\u9054\u5230\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5316\u5b78\u5206\u6790\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u897f\u5468\u6642\u671f\u528d\u7684\u542b\u932b\u91cf\u5927\u591a\u572811%\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e0d\u542b\u925b\u6216\u5fae\u91cf\u925b\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5408\u91d1\u914d\u6bd4\u96d6\u4f7f\u528d\u5177\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u5ef6\u5c55\u5ea6\u8207\u6297\u62c9\u5f37\u5ea6\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4f46\u9577\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9650\u53ea\u80fd\u9054\u4e8c\u5341\u81f3\u4e09\u5341\u516c\u5206\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u518d\u589e\u9577\u4fbf\u6709\u6613\u65b7\u88c2\u3001\u65b7\u6298\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u77ed\u7684\u5175\u5668\u5728\u76db\u884c\u8eca\u6230\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u6208\u3001\u77db\u7b49\u9577\u5175\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u897f\u5468\u6230\u5834\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u50b7\u6575\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u90fd\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u8fd1\u8eab\u885b\u9ad4\u5175\u5668\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\u70ba\u88dd\u98fe\u83ef\u9e97\u7684\u4f69\u98fe\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u6301\u6709\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u8207\u793e\u6703\u968e\u7d1a\u3002\u6625\u79cb\u6642\u671f\u528d\u7684\u542b\u932b\u91cf\u666e\u904d\u7565\u6709\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u591a\u4ecb\u65bc11%\u81f314%\u9593\uff0c\u542b\u9285\u91cf\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u540c\u6642\u542b\u925b\u91cf\u4e0a\u5347\u81f34%\u81f313%\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5408\u91d1\u914d\u6bd4\u4fee\u6b63\u53ef\u4f7f\u528d\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u5f9e\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u5341\u516c\u5206\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u56db\u5341\u516c\u5206\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u6625\u79cb\u665a\u671f\u958b\u59cb\u8eca\u6230\u7684\u9010\u6f38\u6c92\u843d\u8207\u6b65\u6230\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u9752\u9285\u528d\u7684\u9444\u9020\u7372\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\u91cd\u8996\uff0c\u4f86\u5230\u6230\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u5176\u5408\u91d1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u53c8\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u932b\u542b\u91cf\u666e\u904d\u7372\u5f97\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u4f86\u523014%\u81f319%\u9593\uff0c\u925b\u542b\u91cf\u5247\u4e0b\u964d\u81f31%\u81f37%\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u5408\u91d1\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8b8a\u5316\u96d6\u4f7f\u528d\u7684\u786c\u5ea6\u8207\u6297\u62c9\u5f37\u5ea6\u6301\u7e8c\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u5ef6\u5c55\u5ea6\u537b\u53c8\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u5373\u7531\u528d\u8eab\u52a0\u5bec\u3001\u52a0\u539a\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u4f86\u5f4c\u88dc\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u6230\u570b\u6642\u671f\u7684\u528d\u8207\u6625\u79cb\u6642\u671f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u6625\u79cb\u665a\u671f\u958b\u59cb\u5230\u6230\u570b\u6642\u671f\u7684\u528d\u9577\u5ea6\u591a\u5df2\u9054\u4e94\u5341\u81f3\u516d\u5341\u516c\u5206\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u51fa\u73fe\u4e03\u5341\u516c\u5206\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u9577\u528d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u79e6\u528d\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u66f4\u8d85\u904e\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u516b\u5341\u516c\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6574\u9ad4\u800c\u8a00\u5f9e\u6230\u570b\u5f8c\u671f\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u9444\u9435\u6280\u8853\u7684\u6301\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u6a5f\u68b0\u6027\u80fd\u66f4\u70ba\u512a\u826f\u7684\u92fc\u9435\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u9752\u9285\uff0c\u4f7f\u9752\u9285\u528d\u9010\u6f38\u9000\u51fa\u6d41\u884c\u3002\u4f86\u5230\u6f22\u4ee3\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u56e0\u61c9\u5317\u65b9\u904a\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5357\u4fb5\uff0c\u9a0e\u5175\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u8ecd\u968a\u7684\u4e3b\u529b\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u99ac\u9419\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u99ac\u80cc\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\u683c\u9b25\u9700\u8981\u523a\u64ca\u3001\u780d\u64ca\u80fd\u529b\u8f03\u5f37\u7684\u6b66\u5668\uff08\u8a3b\u516d\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u9435\u621f\u3001\u9435\u77db\u548c\u9435\u5200\uff0c\u800c\u528d\u5728\u99ac\u80cc\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u4ee5\u523a\u64ca\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u537b\u6709\u9577\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u91cf\u4e5f\u8f03\u8f15\uff0c\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u4f5c\u6230\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4fbf\u9010\u6f38\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u6230\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\u8a3b\u91cb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u4e00\uff1a\u300c\u8f15\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5442\u300d\u4e8c\u5b57\u7684\u53e4\u97f3\u5206\u5c6c\u6eaa\u7d10\u8015\u90e8\u548c\u4f86\u7d10\u9b5a\u90e8\uff0c\u300c\u5f91\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8def\u300d\u4e8c\u5b57\u7684\u53e4\u97f3\u5247\u5206\u5c6c\u898b\u7d10\u8015\u90e8\u548c\u4f86\u7d10\u9438\u90e8\uff0c\u5f9e\u8072\u7d10\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u6eaa\u300d\u3001\u300c\u898b\u300d\u662f\u76f8\u9130\u7259\u97f3\u4e14\u97f3\u8fd1\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u9b5a\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9438\u300d\u662f\u76f8\u9130\u7684\u5c0d\u8f49\uff0c\u6545\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5f91\u8def\u300d\u4e8c\u8a5e\u53e4\u97f3\u8fd1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u4e8c\uff1a\u6797\u6885\u6751\u6839\u64da\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u5bb6\u8c9d\u5229 (H. W. Bailey) 1985\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u590f\u5fb7\u7576\u6642\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u7a81\u53a5\u8a9e\u8a5e\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u8f49\u5beb\u61c9\u70baq\u00efng\u00efraq\uff0c\u672c\u7fa9\u662f\u5200knife\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u528dsword\uff0c\u4e26\u8a8d\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u8868\u528d\u7684\u7a81\u53a5\u8a9e\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u8a5eq\u00efl\u00efc\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u73fe\u4ee3\u7a81\u53a5\u8a9e\u8868\u793a\u528d\u6216\u662f\u5200\u6709\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8a5e\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u4e09\uff1a\u5410\u706b\u7f85\u4eba (Tocharians) \u539f\u805a\u5c45\u5728\u65b0\u7586\u5854\u91cc\u6728\u76c6\u5730\u4e00\u5e36\u3002\u5b78\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u5176\u6e90\u81ea\u539f\u59cb\u5370\u6b50\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u8a9e\u8a00\u5410\u706b\u7f85\u8a9e\u70ba\u5370\u6b50\u8a9e\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u652f\u5df2\u6ec5\u7d55\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u56db\uff1a\u904e\u53bb\u66fe\u6709\u500b\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u6307\u51fa\u4e2d\u570b\u9752\u9285\u528d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u5546\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u5c71\u897f\u4fdd\u5fb7\u6797\u906e\u5cea\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u9234\u9996\u528d\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u9023\u67c4\u5315\u9996\u5f0f\u5668\u7269\u6d41\u884c\u65bc\u9577\u57ce\u6cbf\u7dda\uff0c\u5728\u5b89\u967d\u4e5f\u66fe\u96f6\u661f\u51fa\u571f\uff0c\u4f46\u9234\u9996\u528d\u7531\u65bc\u67c4\u90e8\u7565\u5fae\u5f4e\u66f2\uff0c\u56b4\u683c\u800c\u8a00\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u528d\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u800c\u8f03\u50cf\u5317\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7378\u9996\u5200\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u4e94\uff1a\u9239\u662f\u6b65\u5175\u624b\u88e1\u6301\u63e1\u8457\u524d\u523a\u7684\u9577\u5175\u5668\uff0c\u4f3c\u77db\uff0c\u4f46\u6728\u67f2\u524d\u7aef\u6240\u5b89\u88dd\u7684\u662f\u540c\u77ed\u528d\u4f3c\u7684\u91d1\u5c6c\u5203\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u516d\uff1a\u6839\u64da\u8003\u53e4\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u99ac\u9419\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u767c\u751f\u5728\u516c\u5143\u56db\u5230\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u9593\uff0c\u56b4\u683c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6771\u6649\u4e4b\u524d\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u99ac\u9419\u7684\u767c\u660e\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u99ac\u9419\u7684\u99ac\u5177\u5728\u4e09\u570b\u6642\u4ee3\u81f3\u897f\u6649\u6642\u958b\u59cb\u51fa\u73fe\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u70ba\u55ae\u5074\u99ac\u9419\uff0c\u50c5\u4f9b\u8f14\u52a9\u4e0a\u99ac\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Karlgren, Bernhard
    \n1945\u00a0 Some weapons and tools of the Yin Dynasty, Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities<\/em>, pp. 101-144.<\/li>\n
  2. \u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5b89\u967d\u968a
    \n1989\u30081984\u5e74\u5b89\u967d\u82d7\u5703\u5317\u5730\u6bb7\u5893\u767c\u6398\u7c21\u5831\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u8003\u53e4\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff0c\u9801123-138\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u65b9\u6674\u3001\u91d1\u5922
    \n2020\u3008\u5169\u5468\u6642\u671f\u6241\u8396\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u9752\u9285\u77ed\u528d\u5340\u57df\u5dee\u7570\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u535a\u7269\u9662\u300b\u7b2c\u516d\u671f\uff0c\u98016-11\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u738b\u5b78\u7406
    \n1985\u3008\u9577\u9239\u6625\u79cb\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u8003\u53e4\u8207\u6587\u7269\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff0c\u980160-67\uff0c73\u3002<\/li>\n
  5. \u7518\u8085\u7701\u6587\u7269\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08\u7de8\u8457\uff09
    \n2009\u300a\u5d07\u4fe1\u4e8e\u5bb6\u7063\u5468\u5893\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6587\u7269\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n
  6. \u6c5f\u7ae0\u83ef
    \n2009\u3008\u5df4\u8700\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u528d\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u8f2f\u65bc\u6210\u90fd\u6587\u7269\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7de8\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u6210\u90fd\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u9801326-334\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n
  7. \u6c88\u878d
    \n2002\u3008\u5546\u5f0f\u77ed\u528d\u82bb\u8b70\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4e0a\u6d77\u535a\u7269\u9928\u96c6\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u980119-27\u3002<\/li>\n
  8. \u90b5\u6703\u79cb
    \n2022\u300a\u541b\u5b50\u4e4b\u528d\uff1a\u9752\u9285\u528d\u8207\u8349\u539f\u6587\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n
  9. \u6797\u6c84
    \n2003\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u5317\u65b9\u9577\u57ce\u5730\u5e36\u6e38\u7267\u6587\u5316\u5e36\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u904e\u7a0b\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u71d5\u4eac\u5b78\u5831\u300b\u65b0\u5341\u56db\u671f\uff0c\u980195-146\u3002<\/li>\n
  10. \u6797\u6885\u6751
    \n1998\u3008\u5546\u5468\u9752\u9285\u528d\u6df5\u6e90\u8003\u3009\uff0c\u8f2f\u65bc\u6797\u6885\u6751\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u6f22\u5510\u897f\u57df\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u660e\u300b\uff0c\u980139-63\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6587\u7269\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n
  11. \u5468\u52c7
    \n2013\u3008\u53e4\u5df4\u8700\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u9752\u9285\u528d\u4f86\u6e90\u518d\u63a2\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u897f\u90e8\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u671f\uff0c\u980128-29\u3002<\/li>\n
  12. \u80e1\u5c0f\u8ecd\u3001\u99ac\u5ec9\u798e\u3001\u8d99\u5f0f\u6176
    \n2022\u3008\u518d\u9020\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6771\u65b9\u6536\u85cf\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f\uff0c\u980159-61\u3002<\/li>\n
  13. \u4fde\u5049\u8d85
    \n2002\u3008\u897f\u5468\u9285\u528d\u7684\u6df5\u6e90\u3009\uff0c\u8f2f\u65bc\u4fde\u5049\u8d85\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u53e4\u53f2\u7684\u8003\u53e4\u5b78\u63a2\u7d22\u300b\uff0c\u9801340-342\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6587\u7269\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n
  14. \u6bb5\u6e1d
    \n2009\u3008\u5546\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u897f\u5357\u9752\u9285\u528d\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff0c\u9801175-181\u3002<\/li>\n
  15. \u9ad8\u9996\u96f7\u3001\u5f35\u7ae5\u5fc3\u3001\u8303\u91d1\u8f1d
    \n2018\u3008\u6dfa\u8b70\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u9752\u9285\u528d\u7684\u9444\u9020\u6280\u8853\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u9444\u9020\u6280\u8853\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u671f\uff0c\u9801808-811\uff0c824\u3002<\/li>\n
  16. \u5f35\u6c38\u8a00
    \n1983\u3008\u300c\u8f15\u5442\u300d\u548c\u300c\u70cf\u80b2\u300d\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u8a9e\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff0c\u9801134-135\u3002<\/li>\n
  17. \u99ac\u74bd\u502b\u3001\u5b54\u51e1\u525b
    \n1989\u3008\u5c71\u6771\u6c82\u6c34\u767c\u73fe\u5546\u4ee3\u9752\u9285\u5668\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6587\u7269\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u671f\uff0c\u980195-96\u3002<\/li>\n
  18. \u9ec3\u5a9b
    \n2020\u3008\u5df4\u8700\u67f3\u8449\u5f62\u9752\u9285\u528d\u6e90\u6d41\u8003\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u7a3d\u53e4\u300b\u7b2c\u516b\u671f\uff0c\u980166-68\u3002<\/li>\n
  19. \u912d\u5229\u5e73
    \n2008\u3008\u4e2d\u570b\u53e4\u4ee3\u9752\u9285\u528d\u7684\u6280\u8853\u5206\u6790\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\uff0c\u980160-63\u3002<\/li>\n
  20. \u5289\u660e\u79d1
    \n2013\u3008\u5f9e\u9752\u9285\u5175\u5668\u770b\u5df4\u8700\u6587\u5316\u7684\u50b3\u627f\u95dc\u7cfb\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6536\u85cf\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u671f\uff0c\u980190-99\u3002<\/li>\n
  21. \u97d3\u91d1\u79cb
    \n2009\u300a\u590f\u5546\u897f\u5468\u6642\u671f\u4e2d\u539f\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u56e0\u7d20\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5409\u6797\uff1a\u5409\u6797\u5927\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\u8ad6\u6587\u3002
    \n2019\u3008\u8a66\u8ad6\u6bb7\u589f\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u9752\u9285\u77ed\u528d\u3009\uff0c\u8f2f\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u590f\u5546\u5468\u8003\u53e4\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u7de8\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u4e09\u4ee3\u8003\u53e4\u300b\uff08\u516b\uff09\uff0c\u9801178-187\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \n

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