{"id":44329,"date":"2024-07-09T18:00:38","date_gmt":"2024-07-09T10:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=44329"},"modified":"2024-07-09T14:27:49","modified_gmt":"2024-07-09T06:27:49","slug":"%e4%ba%ba%e5%80%91%e5%b0%8d%e9%87%91%e5%b1%ac%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e7%9e%ad%e8%a7%a3%ef%bc%9adrude%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=44329","title":{"rendered":"\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u77ad\u89e3\uff1aDrude\u6a21\u578b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u81ea\u897f\u5143\u524d8000\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u958b\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u9285\u9444\u9020\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u897f\u5143\u524d3300\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u9752\u9285\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u63d0\u7149\u91d1\u5c6c\u88fd\u4f5c\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u4e26\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u30021900\u5e74\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0e\u5fb7\u9b6f\u5fb7 (Paul Drude) \u63d0\u51faDrude\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u96a8\u6a5f\u904b\u52d5\u4e26\u53d7\u78c1\u5834\u548c\u96fb\u5834\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u9810\u6e2c\u91d1\u5c6c\u96fb\u963b\u7387\u96a8\u6eab\u5ea6\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\uff0c\u4e26\u89e3\u91cb\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u5c0e\u71b1\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u5011\u6709\u4e86\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u6700\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u300c\u96fb\u5b50\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u7576\u4e2d\u81ea\u7531\u79fb\u52d5\u7684\u6750\u6599\u300d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u66f4\u591a\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u7406\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u767c\u73fe\uff0cDrude\u6a21\u578b\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u7b26\u5408\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u73fe\u8c61\u7d0d\u5165\u8003\u616e\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0cDrude\u6a21\u578b\u4ecd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u89e3\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u64b0\u6587\uff5c\u9ec3\u9f0e\u921e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u597d\u5947\u5fc3<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n

\u81ea\u897f\u5143\u524d8000\u5e74\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u5c31\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u9285\u9444\u9020\u786c\u5e63\u53ca\u88dd\u98fe\u54c1\u7684\u7d00\u9304\uff1b\u5230\u4e86\u897f\u5143\u524d3300\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u6b77\u53f2\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u9752\u9285\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u63d0\u7149\u91d1\u5c6c\u4f86\u88fd\u4f5c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u548c\u6b66\u5668\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53e4\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u96b1\u85cf\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u6750\u6599\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u7955\u5bc6\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u624d\u9010\u6f38\u88ab\u63ed\u958b\u30021897\u5e74\uff0cJ.J. Thomson \u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u4e86\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u4e26\u8868\u660e\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u5c0e\u96fb\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u5e36\u8ca0\u96fb\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u7c92\u5b50\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u767c\u73fe\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7372\u5f97\u4e861906\u5e74\u7684\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7269\u7406\u734e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u904b\u52d5\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u30021900\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u570b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0e\u5fb7\u9b6f\u5fb7 (Paul Drude) \u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u2014\u2014Drude\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u96fb\u5b50\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u6709\u4e86\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u300c\u96fb\u5b50\u80fd\u5728\u6750\u6599\u5167\u90e8\u81ea\u7531\u79fb\u52d5\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u300d\u3002Drude\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u4e14\u76f4\u89c0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u5c0e\u96fb\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u57161\uff1a\u81ea\u53e4\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u91d1\u5c6c\u5145\u6eff\u597d\u5947\u5fc3\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4ecd\u52aa\u529b\u5728\u89e3\u958b\u96b1\u85cf\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e5f\u4ecd\u662f\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u6536\u85cf\u611b\u597d\uff5c\u4f86\u6e90\uff1aMicrosoft Bing AI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u91dd\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u8aaa\u660e\uff1aDrude\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n

Drude\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u6ce2\u8332\u66fc (Boltzmann) \u6c23\u9ad4\u52d5\u529b\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0cDrude\u5047\u8a2d\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u50cf\u6c23\u9ad4\u5206\u5b50\u4e00\u6a23\u80fd\u5920\u96a8\u6a5f\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u7d71\u8a08\u904b\u7b97\u4f86\u9810\u6e2c\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u8207\u6c23\u9ad4\u52d5\u529b\u8ad6\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6703\u53d7\u78c1\u5834\u548c\u96fb\u5834\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8a08\u7b97\u4e0a\u9084\u9700\u8981\u8003\u616e\u96fb\u78c1\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002Drude\u5c0d\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u7372\u5f97\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u5c0e\u96fb\u6027\u4e0a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0cDrude\u6a21\u578b\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\u4e86\u91d1\u5c6c\u96fb\u5c0e\u7387\u03c3\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u8868\u9054\u5f0f\uff1a\u03c3=2<\/sup>\uff0f<\/em>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u96fb\u8377\uff0c\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u8cea\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u78b0\u649e\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u516c\u5f0f\u6210\u529f\u9810\u6e2c\u4e86\u96fb\u5c0e\u7387\u8207\u96fb\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\u548c\u5e73\u5747\u78b0\u649e\u6642\u9593\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cDrude\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u6210\u529f\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u91d1\u5c6c\u96fb\u963b\u7387\u6703\u96a8\u8457\u6eab\u5ea6\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u632f\u52d5\u52a0\u5287\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u96fb\u5b50\u8207\u539f\u5b50\u78b0\u649e\u983b\u7387\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u81ea\u7531\u8def\u5f91\u6642\u9593\u6e1b\u5c11\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u4f7f\u96fb\u963b\u7387\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8da8\u52e2\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5be6\u9a57\u9a57\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u96fb\u6027\u4e0a\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\uff0cDrude\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u6210\u529f\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u91d1\u5c6c\u7684\u71b1\u5c0e\u6027\u8cea\u3002\u96fb\u5b50\u4e0d\u50c5\u651c\u5e36\u96fb\u8377\uff0c\u4e5f\u651c\u5e36\u71b1\u80fd\uff0c\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u91d1\u5c6c\u5177\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u71b1\u5c0e\u7387\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u934b\u5177\u5927\u591a\u63a1\u7528\u91d1\u5c6c\u6750\u8cea\u3002Drude\u6a21\u578b\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u71b1\u5c0e\u7387\u8207\u6eab\u5ea6\u3001\u5e73\u5747\u81ea\u7531\u8def\u5f91\u6642\u9593\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u71b1\u5c0e\u7387\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u7b97\u5f0f\u4f86\u8868\u9054\uff1ak=4 kB<\/sub>2<\/sup>T\uff0f\u03c0m<\/em>\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\uff0cK\u4ee3\u8868\u71b1\u5c0e\u7387\uff0cn\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u5e73\u5747\u78b0\u649e\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0cT\u662f\u6eab\u5ea6\uff0ckB<\/sub>\u662f\u6ce2\u8332\u66fc\u5e38\u6578\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cam\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u8cea\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDrude \u6a21\u578b\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u7684\u96fb\u6027\u548c\u5c0e\u71b1\u6027\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u800c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u7279\u6027\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u6a5f\u5236\u6709\u4e86\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u57162\uff1aDrude\u6a21\u578b\u793a\u610f\u5716\uff0c\u85cd\u8272\u7684\u9ede\u4ee3\u8868\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u6750\u6599\u5167\u90e8\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u65b7\u5728\u7d05\u8272\u539f\u5b50\u4e4b\u9593\u53cd\u5f48\uff5c\u4f86\u6e90\uff1aWikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Drude\u6a21\u578b\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5931\u6548\u4e86\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n

Drude\u6a21\u578b\u5047\u8a2d\u96fb\u5b50\u50cf\u6c23\u9ad4\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u4e00\u6a23\u9032\u884c\u96a8\u6a5f\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u4e26\u9075\u5faa\u7d93\u5178\u7d71\u8a08\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u898f\u5247\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u4e00\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u9810\u6e2c\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u71b1\u5bb9\u61c9\u8207\u6c23\u9ad4\u7684\u71b1\u5bb9\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u537b\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u71b1\u5bb9\u9060\u4f4e\u65bc\u8a72\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\u503c\u3002\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u71b1\u5bb9\u6307\u7684\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u5728\u5438\u6536\u71b1\u91cf\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u4e0d\u80fd\u96a8\u610f\u5360\u64da\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u8655\u65bc\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6578\u96fb\u5b50\u6703\u8655\u65bc\u8f03\u9ad8\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u9019\u5c11\u6578\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u8ca2\u737b\u71b1\u5bb9\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u71b1\u5bb9\u6bd4Drude\u6a21\u578b\u9810\u6e2c\u66f4\u4f4e\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u60f3\u50cf\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u64c1\u64e0\u7684\u96fb\u5f71\u9662\uff0c\u9032\u5165\u96fb\u5f71\u9662\u7684\u89c0\u773e\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\uff0c\u6839\u64daDrude\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u89c0\u773e\u6703\u96a8\u6a5f\u627e\u7a7a\u4f4d\u5750\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u89c0\u773e\u53ef\u4ee5\u96a8\u6642\u79fb\u52d5\u5230\u5468\u570d\u7684\u5ea7\u4f4d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u60c5\u6cc1\u662f\uff0c\u89c0\u773e\u6703\u96c6\u4e2d\u5750\u5728\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u4e00\u5340\u7684\u5ea7\u4f4d\u90fd\u5750\u6eff\u4e86\uff0c\u89c0\u773e\u7121\u6cd5\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u63db\u5ea7\u4f4d\uff1b\u81f3\u65bc\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u5750\u7684\u9ad8\u80fd\u91cf\u5ea7\u4f4d\u5340\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5468\u570d\u9084\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u7a7a\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u96a8\u610f\u8b8a\u63db\u5ea7\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u96fb\u5b50\u6703\u5c0d\u71b1\u91cf\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u6709\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u71b1\u5bb9\u9060\u4f4e\u65bcDrude\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u9810\u6e2c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\"\"
\u57163\uff1a\u4ee5\u96fb\u5f71\u9662\u5ea7\u4f4d\u793a\u610f\u5716\u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebcDrude\u6a21\u578b\u7121\u6cd5\u6b63\u78ba\u63cf\u8ff0\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u71b1\u5bb9\u91cf\uff5c\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0cDrude\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u7bc4\u570d\u5df2\u88ab\u66f4\u5148\u9032\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6240\u64f4\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u76f4\u89c0\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5716\u50cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5feb\u901f\u7406\u89e3\u91d1\u5c6c\u4e2d\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u904b\u52d5\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u66f4\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7269\u7406\u73fe\u8c61\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u5728\u6750\u6599\u7269\u7406\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u4e0a\uff0cDrude\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u6211\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u77ad\u89e3\u91d1\u5c6c\u6750\u6599\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u89f8\u767c\u4e86\u5f8c\u7e8c\u66f4\u70ba\u8907\u96dc\u548c\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6a21\u578b\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u5728\u4e0d\u65b7\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u5c0d\u91d1\u5c6c\u6750\u6599\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Bade, W. L. (1957). Drude\u2010model calculation of dispersion forces. I. General theory. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 27(6), 1280-1284.<\/li>\n
  2. Simon, S. H. (2013). The Oxford solid state basics. OUP Oxford.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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