{"id":38703,"date":"2019-07-12T00:00:07","date_gmt":"2019-07-11T16:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=38703"},"modified":"2022-01-04T01:57:48","modified_gmt":"2022-01-03T17:57:48","slug":"%e7%89%99%e7%89%99%e5%ad%b8%e8%aa%9e%e6%96%b0%e8%a7%80%e9%bb%9e3-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=38703","title":{"rendered":"\u7259\u7259\u5b78\u8a9e\u65b0\u89c0\u9ede(3\/3)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\u7259\u7259\u5b78\u8a9e\u65b0\u89c0\u9ede(3\/3)\"<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u64b0\u6587\uff0fPaul Ibbotson & Michael Tomasello\uff5c\u8b6f\u8005\uff0f\u8b1d\u4f2f\u8b93<\/strong>
\n\u8f49\u8f09\u81ea\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u300b2017\u5e743\u6708\u7b2c181\u671f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300c\u57fa\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u6b63\u8208\u8d77<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u300c\u57fa\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u67b6\u69cb\u4e0b\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u3001\u8a8d\u77e5\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u5efa\u69cb\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u5e7c\u5152\u4e26\u975e\u8207\u751f\u4ff1\u4f86\u4e00\u5957\u666e\u904d\u4e14\u7279\u5316\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u6a21\u677f\u4ee5\u5b78\u7fd2\u8a9e\u8a00\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u5e7c\u5152\u64c1\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u745e\u58eb\u5200\u7684\u4e00\u7d44\u5fc3\u667a\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7d44\u842c\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5206\u985e\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u89e3\u8b80\u6e9d\u901a\u610f\u5716\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u985e\u6bd4\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e7c\u5152\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u80fd\u529b\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u5468\u906d\u6240\u807d\u5230\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u8a9e\u6cd5\u985e\u5225\u548c\u898f\u5247\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u82f1\u8a9e\u7684\u5e7c\u5152\u660e\u767d\u300cThe cat ate the rabbit\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u985e\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u6703\u660e\u767d\u300cThe goat tickled the fairy\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u6982\u62ec\u63a8\u8ad6\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u807d\u904e\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u4f8b\u5b50\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u6703\u731c\u5f97\u51fa\u5728\u300cThe gazzer mibbled the toma\u300d\u9019\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\u5c0d\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e8b\u7269\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u8a9e\u53e5\u548c\u8a5e\u5f59\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u6975\u5927\uff0c\u8a9e\u6cd5\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5e7c\u5152\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8d85\u8d8a\u8a5e\u5f59\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u7372\u5f97\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a9e\u53e5\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u662f\u8a5e\u5f59\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u7fa9\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u300cate\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u7fa9\uff09\u8207\u5176\u5d4c\u5165\u7684\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u6240\u7522\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6839\u64da\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u300csneeze\u300d\uff08\u6253\u5674\u568f\uff09\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u662f\u53ea\u548c\u55ae\u4e00\u4e3b\u8a5e\uff08\u6253\u5674\u568f\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u4eba\uff09\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u4e0d\u53ca\u7269\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u523b\u610f\u7528\u96d9\u8cd3\u8a9e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5141\u8a31\u5b83\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u53d7\u8a5e\u76f8\u9023\uff09\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u662f\u300cShe sneezed him the napkin\u300d\uff08\u5979\u85c9\u7531\u6253\u5674\u568f\u4f86\u5f9e\u4ed6\u624b\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u7d19\u5dfe\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u300csneeze\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u8f49\u63db\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5979\u900f\u904e\u9019\u500b\u52d5\u4f5c\u628a\u7d19\u5dfe\u5f9e\u4ed6\u8f49\u7d66\u4e86\u5979\u3002\u9019\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u986f\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u80fd\u5927\u70ba\u5f71\u97ff\u5c0d\u8a9e\u53e5\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u55ac\u59c6\u65af\u57fa\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0d\u5e36\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u745e\u58eb\u5200\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u80fd\u5920\u89e3\u91cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u7528\u8a34\u8af8\u666e\u904d\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7528\u4f86\u7d44\u5408\u7b26\u865f\u7684\u4ee3\u6578\u5f0f\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u865f\u7a31\u662f\u5df2\u5beb\u5165\u5927\u8166\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8a9e\u6cd5\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c31\u662f\u8a9e\u5f59\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u898f\u5247\u5167\u3001\u5fc5\u9808\u900f\u904e\u5f8c\u5929\u5b78\u5f97\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8a9e\u8a00\u6163\u7528\u8a9e\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u7528\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u96d9\u8def\u5f91\u6240\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7d50\u69cb\u5176\u5be6\u90e8\u4efd\u4f9d\u5faa\u898f\u5247\u3001\u90e8\u4efd\u5247\u5426\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u300cHim a presidential candidate?!\u300d\u9019\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u300chim\u300d\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u8a5e\u4fdd\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u8a5e\u7684\u578b\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9019\u500b\u53e5\u5b50\u4e2d\u6709\u4e9b\u8a5e\u5f59\u9806\u5e8f\u4e0d\u7576\u3002\u4ee5\u82f1\u8a9e\u70ba\u6bcd\u8a9e\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u985e\u4f3c\u65b9\u5f0f\u8aaa\u51fa\u7121\u9650\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53e5\u5b50\uff1a\u300cHer go to ballet?!\u300d\u3001\u300cThat guy a doctor?!\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u554f\u984c\u4f86\u4e86\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u53e5\u5b50\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4f8b\u5916\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u90a3\u4e00\u5b9a\u5c31\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u5b78\u5230\u7684\u55ae\u7368\u73fe\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u5e7c\u5152\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b78\u6703\u9019\u7a2e\u90e8\u4efd\u4f9d\u5faa\u898f\u5247\u3001\u90e8\u4efd\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\uff0c\u90a3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b78\u6703\u5176\u4ed6\u8a9e\u53e5\u5462\uff1f\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5e7c\u5152\u9700\u8981\u666e\u904d\u8a9e\u6cd5\uff1f\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u8b49\u64da\u986f\u793a\u5e7c\u5152\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u793e\u6703\u4e92\u52d5\u4f86\u5b78\u7fd2\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u65b7\u7df4\u7fd2\u5f8c\u9010\u6f38\u638c\u63e1\u8a9e\u8a00\u793e\u7fa4\u6240\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6709\u5f88\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u9019\u7a2e\u5b78\u7fd2\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u95dc\u4fc2\u5b50\u53e5\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u90fd\u5f88\u5e38\u898b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u8a31\u591a\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u4e32\u9023\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u82f1\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8aaa\uff1a\u300cMy brother\u2026He lives over in Arkansas\u2026He likes to play piano\u300d\u3002\u5728\u5305\u62ec\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\u3001\u7fd2\u6163\u5316\u3001\u53bb\u60c5\u5883\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u81ea\u52d5\u5316\u7b49\u5404\u7a2e\u8a8d\u77e5\u8655\u7406\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5b50\u53e5\u5728\u7d93\u904e\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u6d41\u50b3\u5f8c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u8f03\u70ba\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\uff1a\u300cMy borther, who lives over in Arkansas, likes to play the piano\u300d\uff1b\u540c\u6a23\u5730\uff0c\u300cI pulled the door, and it shut\u300d\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9010\u6f38\u8f49\u8b8a\u6210\u300cI pulled the door shut\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9084\u5177\u6709\u300c\u89e3\u8b80\u4ed6\u4eba\u610f\u5716\u300d\u7684\u7368\u7279\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eba\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u610f\u6db5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u300cShe gave\/bequeathed\/sent\/loaned\/sold the library some books\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u300cShe donated the library some books\u300d\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6a5f\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u5e7c\u5152\u8aaa\u51fa\u9019\u985e\u4e0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5e7c\u5152\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u6703\u8aaa\u51fa\u6beb\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\ufe30\u4ed6\u5011\u7d55\u4e0d\u6703\u8aaa\u51fa\u300cShe ate the library some books\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\u3002\u9084\u6709\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e7c\u5152\u8f03\u5e38\u807d\u5230\u300cShe donated some books to the library\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u6703\u8aaa\u51fa\u9019\u7a2e\u53e5\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300cShe donated the library some books\u300d\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u90fd\u63a1\u7528\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u8b80\u4ed6\u4eba\u8aaa\u8a71\u610f\u6db5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u53e5\u5b50\uff1a\u300cCan you open the door for me?\u300d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u822c\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8acb\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8a62\u554f\u6211\u5011\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u958b\u9580\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300c\u57fa\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u9084\u5f97\u7d93\u6b77\u4e00\u6bb5\u975e\u5e38\u9059\u9060\u7684\u8def\u7a0b\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u91cb\u8a9e\u8a00\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\u3002\u8a72\u7406\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5e7c\u5152\u80fd\u5f9e\u8046\u807d\u4ed6\u4eba\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\u548c\u7247\u8a9e\u4e2d\u6b78\u7d0d\u51fa\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u901a\u5247\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5e7c\u5152\u5982\u4f55\u5b78\u6703\u5efa\u69cb\u8a9e\u53e5\u7684\u5168\u8c8c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u4e9b\u900f\u904e\u6b78\u7d0d\u6240\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5408\u8a9e\u6cd5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u300cHe disappeated the rabbit\u300d\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8a31\u8a31\u591a\u591a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u4f46\u4e0d\u5408\u8a9e\u6cd5\u7684\u8a9e\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e7c\u5152\u53ea\u6703\u8aaa\u51fa\u6975\u5c11\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5e7c\u5152\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c0d\u300c\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u5c6c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u793e\u7fa4\u4f9d\u5faa\u67d0\u7a2e\u898f\u7bc4\u3001\u4e26\u53ea\u4ee5\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u6e9d\u901a\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u898f\u5247\u5341\u5206\u654f\u611f\u3002\u5e7c\u5152\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u6709\u6642\u5bcc\u6709\u5275\u610f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u300cI goed to the shops\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u53c8\u7b26\u5408\u8a9e\u6cd5\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u300cI went to the shops\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u5448\u73fe\u4e00\u7a2e\u5341\u5206\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u300c\u57fa\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u8005\u9084\u9700\u8981\u6295\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u4e9b\u529b\u91cf\u5982\u4f55\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f71\u97ff\u5e7c\u5152\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u767c\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5178\u7bc4\u8f49\u79fb\uff0c\u5c55\u671b\u524d\u666f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u900f\u904e\u6df1\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u7570\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\u3001\u6f14\u8b8a\u6b77\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e7c\u5152\u5982\u4f55\u5b78\u6703\u4e00\u7a2e\u6216\u591a\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u6703\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u9a5a\u559c\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u3002\u666e\u904d\u8a9e\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7d93\u8d70\u5230\u76e1\u982d\uff0c\u300c\u57fa\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u689d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5411\u524d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u8def\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u63a2\u7a76\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a6000\u591a\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u8207\u4f7f\u7528\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b77\u53f2\u6f14\u8b8a\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u3002(\u5b8c)<\/p>\n

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