{"id":38576,"date":"2019-10-07T00:00:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-06T16:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=38576"},"modified":"2022-01-04T00:48:05","modified_gmt":"2022-01-03T16:48:05","slug":"%e6%80%8e%e9%ba%bc%e9%80%a0%e9%9b%bb%e8%85%a6%ef%bc%9f1-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=38576","title":{"rendered":"\u600e\u9ebc\u9020\u96fb\u8166\uff1f(1\/2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"single-post-media clr\">\n<div class=\"post-thumbnail\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/vintage-648120_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\u600e\u9ebc\u9020\u96fb\u8166\uff1f(1\/2)\" width=\"500\" height=\"320\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"entry clr\">\n<div class=\"pf-content\">\n<p><strong>\u64b0\u6587\uff0fGiles Sparrow\uff5c\u8b6f\u8005\uff0f\u6613\u601d\u5a77<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u8f49\u8f09\u81ea\u300aBBC\u77e5\u8b58\u300b2014\u5e746\u6708\u7b2c34\u671f<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>\u5167\u5bb9\u6982\u8aaa<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u767c\u8ed4\u65bc\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u8981\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u70ba\u4e86\u7834\u89e3\u52a0\u5bc6\u7684\u5fb7\u8a9e\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5b8c\u5168\u96fb\u5b50\u5316\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u4e00\u8def\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u6240\u7528\u7684\u96fb\u8166\u3002<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>\u8a08\u7b97\u88dd\u7f6e\u5728\u7121\u6cd5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7684\u4e45\u9060\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002\u53e4\u6642\u5016\u5b58\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u88dd\u7f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u8907\u96dc\u3001\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u9a5a\u8277\u7684\uff0c\u7576\u662f1900\u5e74\u5f9e\u5e0c\u81d8\u6c89\u8239\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u5b89\u63d0\u57fa\u745f\u62c9\u5100\uff08Antikythera Mechanism\uff09\u3002\u9019\u53f0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u9ebb\u9ebb\u6eff\u5e03\u8457\u5c0f\u9f52\u8f2a\u7684\u9a5a\u4eba\u88dd\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f30\u8a08\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u89c0\u5bdf\u65e5\u6708\u661f\u8fb0\u7684\u904b\u8f49\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b89\u63d0\u57fa\u745f\u62c9\u5100\u5c31\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u96fb\u8166\uff0c\u4f46\u4eca\u65e5\u6211\u5011\u8ac7\u5230\u300c\u96fb\u8166\u300d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u7684\u9084\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u671f\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a5f\u5668\u807d\u5f9e\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5b57\u4e32\u548c\u6578\u5b57\u57f7\u884c\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u904b\u7b97\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u96fb\u8166\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7956\u5148\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u6cd5\u570b\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6Blaise Pascal\u57281642\u5e74\u767c\u660e\u7684\u52a0\u6cd5\u6a5f\u68b0\u88dd\u7f6e\u3002\u9019\u53f0\u6a5f\u5668\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u7a31\u505a\u5e15\u65af\u5361\u52a0\u6cd5\u5668\uff08Pascaline\uff09\u3002\u7528\u52a0\u6cd5\u5668\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u7684\u91d1\u5c6c\u8f49\u76e4\u4f86\u8f38\u5165\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u9019\u53f0\u8a2d\u8a08\u7cbe\u5de7\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u4fbf\u6703\u5229\u7528\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u8f49\u8f2a\uff0c\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u6578\u5b57\u76f8\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86\u30021671\u5e74\u6642\uff0c\u5fb7\u570b\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\u88fd\u9020\u51fa\u66f4\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u300c\u968e\u68af\u5f0f\u8a08\u7b97\u5668\u300d\uff08Stepped Reckoner\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u6e1b\u9ad8\u9054\u5341\u516d\u4f4d\u7684\u6578\u5b57\uff0c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e58\u9664\u9ad8\u9054\u516b\u4f4d\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4f9d\u7136\u5ee3\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u7b97\u88dd\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u55ae\u4e00\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u4e5f\u6975\u70ba\u6709\u9650\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f86\u64f4\u5c55\u8a08\u7b97\u88dd\u7f6e\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5f97\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u9818\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7de8\u7e54\u5922\u60f3<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_82704\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/BOX%E5%9C%96%E7%89%87%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9ACIENCE-AND-SOCIETY-GETTY-ALAMY-BT-ARCHIVE-BELL-LABS.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-82704\" src=\"https:\/\/highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/BOX%E5%9C%96%E7%89%87%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%9ACIENCE-AND-SOCIETY-GETTY-ALAMY-BT-ARCHIVE-BELL-LABS.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"391\" height=\"752\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">(\u5716\u7247\u4f86\u6e90\uff1aScience and Society , Getty, Alamy BT Archive, Bell Labs)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u6cd5\u570b\u7d21\u7e54\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u696d\u9918\u767c\u660e\u5bb6Joseph Marie Jacquard\u628a\u4ed6\u5728\u7d21\u7e54\u6a5f\u4e0a\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u878d\u5165\u767c\u660e\u30021801\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u5de5\u696d\u5c55\u4e2d\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u6b3e\u7d21\u7e54\u6a5f\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u300c\u8b80\u53d6\u300d\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6253\u5b54\u7684\u5361\u7247\uff0c\u4f86\u63a7\u5236\u7e54\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5e03\u758b\u82b1\u6a23\u3002\u9019\u6b3e\u7d21\u7e54\u6a5f\u662f\u7d21\u7e54\u754c\u5283\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u77ed\u77ed\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u5167\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u5883\u5167\u5c31\u6709\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u842c\u4e00\u5343\u53f0\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d21\u7e54\u6a5f\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u8abf\u6574\u6a5f\u5668\u7684\u69cb\u9020\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5c31\u80fd\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u6982\u5ff5\u62d3\u5ee3\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u8a08\u7b97\u9818\u57df\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1822\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\u66a8\u535a\u5b78\u5bb6Charles Babbage\u5728\u5c0d\u7687\u5bb6\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u6703\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7c21\u5831\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u5dee\u5206\u6a5f\u300d\uff08Difference Engine\uff09\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u53ca\u904b\u4f5c\u8aaa\u660e\u3002\u9019\u53f0\u6a5f\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e8b\u6975\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u6e96\u78ba\u5ea6\u9060\u9060\u51cc\u99d5\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002Babbage\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u9019\u53f0\u6a5f\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u5354\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u884c\u661f\u904b\u8f49\u8868\u683c\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7576\u6642\u5c0e\u822a\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8a08\u756b\u5f15\u8d77\u82f1\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u9694\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u6295\u5165\u5efa\u9020\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u8a08\u756b\u76f8\u7576\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u57281830\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0cBabbage\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2bJoseph Clement\u7d42\u65bc\u56e0\u70ba\u6210\u672c\u7684\u554f\u984c\u800c\u5ba3\u544a\u8a08\u756b\u4e2d\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57281842\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u5b8c\u5168\u780d\u6389\u7d66Babbage\u7684\u8cc7\u52a9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u57f7\u884c\u4e00\u500b\u91ce\u5fc3\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u5f9e\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5177\u5099\u96fb\u8166\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u88dd\u7f6e\u3002\u9019\u5177\u300c\u5206\u6790\u6a5f\u300d\uff08Analytical Engine\uff09\u7684\u78ba\u76f8\u7576\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u8d85\u904e\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u4ee3\u6578\u904b\u7b97\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u64da\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u67d0\u689d\u4ef6\u53e5\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8981\u4e0d\u8981\u57f7\u884c\u67d0\u4e9b\u52d5\u4f5c\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u7d44\u6253\u5b54\u5361\u5c0d\u9019\u53f0\u6a5f\u5668\u4e0b\u9054\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u8655\u7406\u7528\u53e6\u4e00\u7d44\u6253\u5b54\u5361\u8f38\u5165\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff1b\u7136\u5f8c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u5217\u5370\u6a5f\u6216\u5716\u5f62\u7e6a\u88fd\u6a5f\u8f38\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u5b83\u5167\u90e8\u8ca0\u8cac\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u898f\u683c\u7d71\u4e00\uff0c\u7531\u6578\u500b\u55ae\u5143\u69cb\u6210\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e5f\u6709\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u80fd\u5b58\u53d6\u6578\u503c\u3002Babbage\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6f14\u7b97\u6cd5\u7bc4\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u662fAda Byron\u5728\u5979\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u4efd\u3002Ada\u662f\u8a69\u4eba\u62dc\u502b\u7684\u5973\u5152\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u52d2\u8299\u857e\u7d72\u4f2f\u7235\u592b\u4eba\uff08Countess of Lovelace\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u624d\u83ef\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u516c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a2d\u8a08\u5e2b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u60dc\uff0c1871\u5e74Babbage\u8fad\u4e16\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u4ed6\u53ea\u5efa\u69cb\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6a5f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u4ea8\u5229\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u91d1\u63f4\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9019\u500b\u8a08\u756b\uff0cBabbage\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u65bc\u662f\u5875\u5c01\u4e86\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c1889\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u767c\u660e\u5bb6\u66a8\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u5bb6Herman Hollerith\u4e5f\u60f3\u51fa\u7528\u6253\u5b54\u5361\u4f86\u5132\u5b58\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u9ede\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u6a5f\u68b0\u300c\u88fd\u8868\u6a5f\u300d\uff08tabulator\uff09\u5728\u96fb\u6d41\u901a\u904e\u5361\u7247\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u5b54\u6642\uff0c\u8a18\u9304\u96fb\u6d41\u7684\u8108\u52d5\uff0c\u88fd\u8868\u6a5f\u65bc\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9ad8\u901f\u5730\u8b80\u53d6\u6253\u5b54\u5361\u7247\u3002Hollerith\u767c\u660e\u7684\u9019\u5177\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u8655\u7406\u548c\u904b\u7b97\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u30021890\u5e74\u6642\u5b83\u88ab\u62ff\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u63d0\u65e9\u6578\u500b\u6708\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52d9\u3002Hollerith\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u6700\u5f8c\u8b8a\u6210\u5546\u696d\u5de8\u4ebaIBM\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Hollerith\u7684\u88fd\u8868\u6a5f\u5167\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u4e8c\u5143\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u53ea\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u72c0\u614b\uff1a\u300c\u958b\u300d\u8207\u300c\u95dc\u300d\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u4ee3\u8868\u6578\u5b57\u300c1\u300d\u548c\u300c0\u300d\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8332\u9996\u5ea6\u63a2\u7a76\u4e8c\u5143\u6578\u503c\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u4e8c\u5143\u7cfb\u7d71\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c21\u5316\u67d0\u4e9b\u8a08\u7b97\u3002(<a 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