{"id":38327,"date":"2020-03-09T00:00:35","date_gmt":"2020-03-08T16:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=38327"},"modified":"2022-01-03T11:38:43","modified_gmt":"2022-01-03T03:38:43","slug":"%e9%9b%bb%e8%85%a6%e7%9a%84%e8%b5%b7%e6%ba%902-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=38327","title":{"rendered":"\u96fb\u8166\u7684\u8d77\u6e90(2\/2)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\u96fb\u8166\u7684\u8d77\u6e90(2\/2)\"<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u64b0\u6587\uff0fMartin Campbell-Kelly\uff5c\u8b6f\u8005\uff0f\u738b\u6021\u6587<\/strong>
\n\u8f49\u8f09\u81ea\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u300b2009\u5e7410\u6708\u7b2c92\u671f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6230\u722d\u5e36\u4f86\u5287\u8b8a<\/strong><\/p>\n

1941\u5e7412\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u8ecd\u7a7a\u8972\u7f8e\u570b\u6d77\u8ecd\u57fa\u5730\u73cd\u73e0\u6e2f\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u6b63\u5f0f\u53c3\u6230\u3002\u7f8e\u8ecd\u52d5\u54e1\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u767c\u5c04\u8868\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f35\u8868\u5167\u542b\u7d043000\u500b\u6b04\u4f4d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u5fae\u5206\u89e3\u6790\u6a5f\uff0c\u7a4d\u58d3\u5728\u4e9e\u4f2f\u4e01\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u5de5\u4f5c\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e9e\u4f2f\u4e01\u5317\u65b9\u7d04130\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u8cd3\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u6469\u723e\u96fb\u6a5f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b78\u9662\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u53f0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fae\u5206\u89e3\u6790\u6a5f\u30021942\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u7576\u664235\u6b72\u3001\u5728\u8a72\u5b78\u9662\u64d4\u4efb\u8b1b\u5e2b\u7684\u83ab\u514b\u5229\uff08John W. Mauchly\uff09\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u52a0\u5feb\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u9ede\u5b50\uff1a\u505a\u4e00\u53f0\u7528\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u53d6\u4ee3\u6a5f\u68b0\u96f6\u4ef6\u7684\u300c\u96fb\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u300d\u3002\u83ab\u514b\u5229\u662f\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u578b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4ed6\u5728\u5b78\u9662\u88e1\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u80fd\u88dc\u5176\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u7cbe\u529b\u65fa\u76db\u3001\u5df2\u9583\u8000\u51fa\u5de5\u7a0b\u5929\u624d\u5149\u8292\u7684\u827e\u514b\u7279\uff08J. Presper Eckert\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u83ab\u514b\u5229\u767c\u8868\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u63d0\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u906d\u53d7\u5404\u7a2e\u610f\u5916\u53ca\u5b98\u50da\u4f5c\u696d\u800c\u5ef6\u9072\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u5230\u4e86\u9678\u8ecd\u4e2d\u5c09\u9ad8\u65af\u6c40\uff08Herman Goldstine\uff09\u624b\u88e1\u3002\u9ad8\u65af\u6c40\u662f\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b78\u6578\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u6642\u5e7430\u6b72\uff0c\u8ca0\u8cac\u4e9e\u4f2f\u4e01\u8207\u6469\u723e\u5b78\u9662\u9593\u7684\u6280\u8853\u806f\u7d61\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6578\u5929\u5167\u5c31\u53d6\u5f97\u8a08\u756b\u8a31\u53ef\u30021943\u5e744\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u6578\u503c\u7a4d\u5206\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\uff08Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, ENIAC\uff09\u958b\u59cb\u5efa\u9020\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u662f\u827e\u514b\u7279\u768423\u6b72\u751f\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a31\u591a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u5f37\u70c8\u61f7\u7591ENIAC\u6210\u529f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5e38\u8b58\u8a8d\u70ba\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u7d043000\u5c0f\u6642\uff0c\u800cENIAC\u7684\u6700\u521d\u8a2d\u8a08\u4f7f\u7528\u4e865000\u500b\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u3002\u5c31\u640d\u58de\u7387\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6a5f\u5668\u904b\u4f5c\u4e0d\u5230\u5e7e\u5206\u9418\u5c31\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u67d0\u6839\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u58de\u6389\u800c\u505c\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002\u7136\u800c\u827e\u514b\u7279\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u662f\u958b\u958b\u95dc\u95dc\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u8b93\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u5bb9\u6613\u58de\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u5ee3\u64ad\u96fb\u53f0\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u6b64\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u628a\u64ad\u9001\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u95dc\u6389\u3002\u5982\u679c\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u96fb\u58d3\u660e\u986f\u4f4e\u65bc\u984d\u5b9a\u96fb\u58d3\uff0c\u9084\u80fd\u66f4\u6301\u4e45\uff08\u9019\u90e8\u6a5f\u5668\u5b8c\u6210\u6642\uff0c\u7e3d\u5171\u7528\u4e861\u842c8000\u6839\u771f\u7a7a\u7ba1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u827e\u514b\u7279\u7684\u5718\u968a\u82b1\u4e86\u5169\u5e74\u534a\u5b8c\u6210ENIAC\u3002\u7ae3\u5de5\u5f8c\u7684ENIAC\u662f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5091\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e00\u90e827\u516c\u5678\u91cd\u7684\u9f90\u7136\u5927\u7269\uff0c\u8017\u96fb150\u5343\u74e6\uff0c\u6bcf\u79d2\u80fd\u57f7\u884c5000\u500b\u52a0\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a08\u7b97\u5f48\u9053\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6bd4\u7832\u5f48\u6253\u5230\u76ee\u6a19\u9084\u77ed\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u6e4a\u5de7\u300d\u9020\u6210\u65b0\u767c\u660e\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5be6\u4f8b\uff1a\u7576\u6642\uff0c\u6469\u723e\u5b78\u9662\u4e26\u975e\u9802\u5c16\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u525b\u597d\u5728\u5c0d\u7684\u6642\u9593\u8655\u65bc\u5c0d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u5c0d\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\u52301945\u5e74\u624d\u5b8c\u6210\u7684ENIAC\uff0c\u6c92\u80fd\u4f86\u5f97\u53ca\u5e6b\u4e0a\u6230\u722d\u7684\u5fd9\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u5f88\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u53ea\u80fd\u5132\u5b5820\u500b\u6578\u5b57\u3002\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6a5f\u5668\u5f97\u82b1\u4e0a\u6578\u5929\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u8655\u7406\u50cf\u5fd9\u788c\u7684\u96fb\u8a71\u4ea4\u63db\u6a5f\u5167\u90e8\u4e00\u6a23\u932f\u7d9c\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u7e9c\u7dda\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cENIAC\u662f\u8a2d\u8a08\u4f86\u89e3\u5e38\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u66fc\u54c8\u9813\u8a08\u756b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u904b\u7b97\uff0c\u537b\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

1944\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\uff08John von Neumann\uff09\u53c3\u8a2a\u4e9e\u4f2f\u4e01\u6642\u5f97\u77e5ENIAC\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4ed6\u662f\u66fc\u54c8\u9813\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u9867\u554f\u3002\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u65bc1903\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9280\u884c\u4e16\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u500b\u6578\u5b78\u5929\u624d\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5b8c\u6210\u6559\u80b2\uff0c23\u6b72\u5c31\u6210\u70ba\u5fb7\u570b\u67cf\u6797\u5927\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\u30021930\u5e74\u4ed6\u79fb\u5c45\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u548c\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8207\u54e5\u5fb7\u723e\uff08Kurt G\u00f6del\uff09\u4e00\u6a23\u6210\u70ba\u666e\u6797\u65af\u9813\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u9662\u58eb\u7684\u4e00\u54e1\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u57281937\u5e74\u6b78\u5316\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n

\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u770b\u51fa\u96fb\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u7684\u5a01\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u62dc\u8a2a\u4e9e\u4f2f\u4e01\u5f8c\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u6708\u88e1\uff0c\u548c\u827e\u514b\u7279\u3001\u83ab\u514b\u5229\u3001\u9ad8\u65af\u6c40\u548c\u67cf\u514b\u65af\uff08Arthur Burks\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6469\u723e\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u8b1b\u5e2b\uff09\u958b\u6703\u6572\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3ENIAC\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u96fb\u5b50\u96e2\u6563\u8b8a\u6578\u81ea\u52d5\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\uff08Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, EDVAC\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

EDVAC\u5927\u5e45\u6539\u9032\u4e86ENIAC\u3002\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u5f15\u9032\u4e86\u99ac\u79d1\u52de\uff08Warren McCullough\uff09\u548c\u7562\u8328\uff08Walter Pitts\uff09\u9019\u5169\u4f4d\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5927\u8166\u908f\u8f2f\u904b\u4f5c\u7406\u8ad6\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u547d\u540d\u6cd5\uff08\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\u7684\u7531\u4f86\uff09\u3002\u99ac\u79d1\u52de\u8207\u7562\u8328\u5169\u4eba\u548c\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u82f1\u570b\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\u6d82\u6797\uff08Alan Turing\uff09\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u7814\u7a76\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u6d82\u6797\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e86\u4e00\u6b3e\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u80fd\u57f7\u884c\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u4efb\u52d9\u3002\u5927\u7d04\u5c31\u5728\u9019\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5c0d\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\u96fb\u8166\uff09\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u4e00\u81f4\u5f9e\u300c\u6578\u5b78\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u8b8a\u6210\u300c\u5168\u80fd\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u8655\u7406\u6a5f\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u69cb\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u6709\u4e94\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u90e8\u4f4d\uff1a\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5132\u5b58\u6578\u503c\u8cc7\u6599\u8207\u64cd\u4f5c\u6307\u4ee4\u3001\u7b97\u8853\u55ae\u5143\u57f7\u884c\u8a08\u7b97\u3001\u8f38\u5165\u300c\u5668\u5b98\u300d\u5c07\u7a0b\u5f0f\u548c\u8cc7\u6599\u9001\u9032\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u3001\u8f38\u51fa\u5668\u5b98\u8a18\u9304\u8a08\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u55ae\u5143\u5354\u8abf\u5404\u90e8\u4f4d\u904b\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u7a2e\u914d\u7f6e\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u7d50\u69cb\uff09\u4f7f\u5f97\u66f4\u6539\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6642\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u52d5\u6a5f\u5668\u5be6\u9ad4\u7d50\u69cb\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u64cd\u63a7\u81ea\u5df1\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6027\u4e0d\u53ea\u80fd\u8b93\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u89e3\u504f\u5fae\u5206\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e36\u4f86\u5a01\u529b\u5f37\u5927\u7684\u8b8a\u901a\u6027\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

1945\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u4ee3\u8868\u5718\u968a\u5beb\u51fa\u7d93\u5178\u7684\u3008EDVAC\u5831\u544a\u521d\u7a3f\u3009\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5167\u5bb9\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5728\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u50b3\u958b\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5169\u500b\u5f8c\u679c\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u518d\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5f8c\u4eba\u5c07\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u529f\u52de\u6b78\u65bc\u99ae\u7d10\u66fc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u9032\u5c55<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f8660\u5e74\uff0c\u96fb\u8166\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u666e\u53ca\u5c31\u8aaa\u4f86\u8a71\u9577\uff0c\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u4e86\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u6700\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u662f\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u8a2d\u8a08\u7528\u4f86\u505a\u6578\u5b78\u8a08\u7b97\u7684\u96fb\u8166\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u61c9\u7528\u7121\u9650\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u696d\u8cc7\u6599\u8655\u7406\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u8a08\u7b97\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u65bc\u5168\u7403\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7db2\u8def\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

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