{"id":36984,"date":"2021-08-25T10:00:36","date_gmt":"2021-08-25T02:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=36984"},"modified":"2021-10-04T23:23:30","modified_gmt":"2021-10-04T15:23:30","slug":"%e7%b4%84%e7%bf%b0%ef%bc%8e%e9%9c%8d%e6%99%ae%e8%8f%b2%e7%88%be-john-hopfield%ef%bc%881933-%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=36984","title":{"rendered":"\u7d04\u7ff0\uff0e\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e John Hopfield\uff081933-\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>\u96d9\u89aa\u7686\u70ba\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0cHopfield\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u5730\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u540d\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u7518\u65bc\u88ab\u8212\u9069\u5708\u6240\u4fb7\u9650\u7684\u4ed6\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u5411\u5916\u5c0b\u627e\u300c\u90a3\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u5148\u5f8c\u8de8\u8db3\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7576\u6642\u65b0\u8208\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u53caAI\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u5404\u500b\u9818\u57df\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u8996\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u7684\u5225\u69cb\u8abf\u63a7\u3001tRNA\u53c3\u8207\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u5408\u6210\u7684\u6821\u6b63\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u800c\u5f8c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u7684\u806f\u60f3\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\uff08associative memory\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u5e7e\u8fd1\u88ab\u5ee2\u68c4\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7d93\u7db2\u8def\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u71c3\u8d77\u4e00\u7d72\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u64b0\u6587\uff0f\u5289\u5b9c\u5ead\uff5c\u7de8\u8f2f\uff0f\u9ad8\u656c\u5802<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u5be9\u8a02\uff0f\u9ec3\u5f9e\u4ec1\uff08\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\uff09\u3001\u6f58\u5efa\u6e90\uff08\u570b\u7acb\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b78\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u25cf\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u5bb6<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>1933\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\uff0cJohn Hopfield\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u662f\u7236\u89aaJohn Joseph Hopfield\u8207\u6bcd\u89aaHelen Hopfield\u7684\u7b2c\u516d\u500b\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u96d9\u89aa\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0cHopfield\u5f9e\u5c0f\u5c0d\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4fbf\u8207\u773e\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u61b6\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6253\u5f9e\u6709\u8a18\u61b6\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u6bcd\u89aa\u6536\u7d0d\u7e2b\u7d09\u5668\u5177\u7684\u62bd\u5c5c\u5167\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u628a\u5c0f\u87ba\u7d72\u8d77\u5b50\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u87ba\u7d72\u8d77\u5b50\u5f8c\u628a\u5b83\u653e\u56de\u539f\u4f4d\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u9019\u628a\u5c0f\u87ba\u7d72\u8d77\u5b50\u62c6\u89e3\u5c4b\u5167\u6240\u6709\u6771\u897f\u3002\u6211\u5f9e\u5c0f\u5c31\u7fd2\u6163\u628a\u6240\u6709\u6771\u897f\u62c6\u89e3\u958b\uff0c\u89c0\u5bdf\u5b83\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u4f5c\u3002\u96fb\u8996\u6a5f\u3001\u6536\u97f3\u6a5f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u7684\u81ea\u884c\u8eca\u8207\u6a21\u578b\u98db\u6a5f\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u6211\u62c6\u89e3\u904e\uff1b\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u62c6\u958b\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u8fa6\u6cd5\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7d44\u88dd\u56de\u53bb\uff0c\u7236\u89aa\u6700\u5f8c\u9084\u6703\u7d30\u5fc3\u5730\u628a\u5b83\u5011\u7d44\u88dd\u56de\u539f\u672c\u7684\u6a23\u5b50\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u6a5f\u68b0\u8207\u96fb\u5668\uff0c\u8209\u51e1\u81ea\u884c\u8eca\u3001\u96fb\u8996\u6a5f\u3001\u6536\u97f3\u6a5f\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662fHopfield\u7ae5\u5e74\u6642\u671f\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7d20\u6750\u3002\u904a\u6232\u822c\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u5851Hopfield\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff1a\u539f\u4f86\u4e16\u9593\u842c\u7269\u90fd\u4f9d\u5faa\u8457\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u7406\u539f\u7406\u800c\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u8207\u91cf\u5316\u7684\u3002\u900f\u904e\u5c07\u4e8b\u7269\u62c6\u89e3\u3001\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u5f97\u4ee5\u78ba\u8a8d\u5404\u500b\u7d44\u6210\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u5730\u8a8d\u8b58\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7e7c\u627f\u7236\u6bcd\u8863\u7f3d\uff0c\u7acb\u5fd7\u6210\u70ba\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8eab\u70ba\u4e00\u4f4d\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u5b78\u6703\u8207\u8ca7\u7aae\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u8655\u30021929\u5e74\uff0cHopfield\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u5728\u53e4\u6839\u6f22\u734e\u5b78\u91d1\uff08Guggenheim Fellowship\uff09\u7684\u8cc7\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u524d\u5f80\u5fb7\u570b\u67cf\u6797\u6df1\u9020\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u8a08\u756b\u4e00\u5e74\u5b78\u6210\u5f8c\u4fbf\u8fd4\u56de\u7f8e\u570b\u5927\u5b78\u4efb\u6559\uff1b\u672a\u6599\u7576\u5e74\u4fbf\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u83ef\u723e\u8857\u80a1\u5e02\u5d29\u76e4\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u856d\u689d\u8feb\u4f7f\u570b\u5167\u5404\u5927\u5b78\u505c\u6b62\u62db\u8058\u65b0\u7684\u6559\u8077\u4eba\u54e1\u3002\u7531\u67cf\u6797\u8fd4\u7f8e\u5f8c\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u70ba\u4e86\u990a\u5bb6\u992c\u53e3\uff0c\u88ab\u8feb\u5230\u8655\u6253\u96f6\u5de5\u7dad\u751f\uff0c\u5728Hopfield\u51fa\u751f\u5f8c\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u9078\u64c7\u5c48\u5c31\u65bc\u4e00\u5bb6\u73bb\u7483\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u5982\u6b64\uff0cHopfield\u5c0d\u65bc\u7269\u7406\u7684\u71b1\u8aa0\u4e0d\u6e1b\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u5927\u5b78\uff08Swarthmore College\uff09\u9078\u586b\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u6642\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6642\u7684\u5316\u5b78\u8001\u5e2b\u6559\u5f97\u9084\u4e0d\u932f\u300d\u800c\u300c\u7a0d\u5fae\u300d\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u6daf\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u586b\u4e0a\u300c\u7269\u7406\u6216\u5316\u5b78\u300d\u3002\u6240\u5e78\u7576\u6642Hopfield\u7684\u5927\u5b78\u5c0e\u5e2bWilliam Elmore\u6b63\u662f\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u53cb\u4eba\uff0c\u5c0dHopfield\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u8207\u6210\u9577\u80cc\u666f\u7565\u77e5\u4e00\u4e8c\u3002\u7576Hopfield\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8d70\u9032Elmore\u7684\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u6642\uff0cElmore\u63d0\u8d77\u7b46\u5728Hopfield\u7684\u5fd7\u9858\u5361\u4e0a\u679c\u65b7\u5730\u5c07\u300c\u5316\u5b78\u300d\u5283\u6389\uff0c\u8aaa\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8003\u616e\u5316\u5b78\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<p>Hopfield\u7684\u6210\u9577\u6b77\u7a0b\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u66f4\u95dc\u5fc3\u767c\u751f\u5728\u6211\u5011\u751f\u6d3b\u5468\u906d\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u300c\u865b\u7121\u98c4\u6e3a\u300d\u7684\u6838\u7269\u7406\u6216\u5929\u6587\u7269\u7406\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u5927\u5b78\u7562\u696d\u5f8c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9078\u5b9a\u5eb7\u4e43\u723e\u5927\u5b78\uff08Cornell University\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u666e\u6797\u65af\u9813\u5927\u5b78\uff08Princeton University\uff09\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u524d\u8005\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5728\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\uff08solid-state physics\uff09\u9019\u4e00\u584a\uff0c\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e2b\u8cc7\u8207\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u4ed6\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u6069\u5e2bAlbert W. Overhauser\uff0c\u4e26\u8acb\u5c0d\u65b9\u64d4\u4efb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u6559\u6388\u3002\u5e2b\u5f9e\u4e00\u4f4d\u7406\u8ad6\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0cHopfield\u5c0d\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u9810\u6e2c\u8207\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u843d\u5dee\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u5e38\u4eba\u7684\u9ad4\u609f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u7406\u8ad6\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u662fA\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u537b\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684B\uff0c\u4fbf\u986f\u793a\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u9084\u4e0d\u5920\u597d\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u63d0\u51fa\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u6d88\u5f2d\u5169\u8005\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u96e3\u984c\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u76f8\u7576\u6709\u8da3\uff01Hopfield\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u5730\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7576\u6642\u7406\u8ad6\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u7d50\u679c\u4f5c\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u984c\u76ee\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u2500\u25001958\u5e74\uff0cHopfield\u4ee5\u55ae\u4e00\u4f5c\u8005\u8eab\u5206\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8207\u96fb\u78c1\u6975\u5316\u5b50\uff08polariton\uff09\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c0d\u5f80\u5f8c\u96f7\u5c04\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u5149\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u25cf\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u5de5\u4f5c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9762\u5c0d\u7559\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u6216\u51fa\u8d70\u5230\u7522\u696d\u754c\u7684\u6289\u64c7\uff0cHopfield\u6beb\u4e0d\u7336\u8c6b\u5730\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u696d\u754c\u9060\u6bd4\u5b78\u754c\u66f4\u71b1\u8877\u65bc\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u4ed6\u4f86\u5230\u4e86\u4f4d\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u7d10\u6fa4\u897f\u5dde\u7684\u8c9d\u723e\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\uff08Bell Laboratories\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u662fHopfield\u4eba\u751f\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u5168\u8077\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u652f\u516d\u4eba\u7406\u8ad6\u7269\u7406\u5718\u968a\u4e2d\u64d4\u4efb\u6280\u8853\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8c9d\u723e\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u74b0\u5883\u8207\u6c1b\u570d\u4ee4Hopfield\u5341\u5206\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6240\u5c6c\u5718\u968a\u7684\u8ca0\u8cac\u4ebaConyers Herring\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8072\u5b50\u66f3\u5f15\uff08phonon drag\uff09\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u71b1\u8877\u65bc\u8607\u806f\u6587\u5b78\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bcf\u500b\u6708\u90fd\u6703\u53ec\u958b\u4e00\u6b21\u8b80\u66f8\u6703\uff0c\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u4ecb\u7d39\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8607\u806f\u6587\u5b78\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1b\u5118\u7ba1\u5728\u7576\u6642\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6c23\u6c1b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8209\u8fa6\u9019\u985e\u8b80\u66f8\u6703\u6975\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u60f9\u798d\u4e0a\u8eab\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u968e\u5c64\u537b\u672a\u66fe\u786c\u6027\u7981\u6b62\uff0cHopfield\u4e5f\u85c9\u6b64\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8996\u91ce\uff0c\u4e26\u5728Herring\u7684\u5f15\u85a6\u4e0b\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Arthur Schawlow\u3001Robert J. Collins\u8207David Thomas\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Hopfield\u56de\u61b6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u898b\u5230Schawlow\u6642\uff0cSchawlow\u8208\u596e\u5730\u5f9e\u66f8\u684c\u4e0a\u62ff\u8d77\u4e00\u6839\u4e09\u82f1\u5bf8\u9577\uff08\u7d047.62\u516c\u5206\uff09\u7684\u7c89\u7d05\u8272\u687f\u5b50\u760b\u72c2\u6bd4\u5283\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u96f7\u5c04\u4e0a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1bCollins\u5728\u4ecb\u7d39\u786b\u5316\u9398\u908a\u7de3\u767c\u5149\uff08edge-emitting\uff09\u73fe\u8c61\u6642\u7684\u795e\u91c7\u5955\u5955\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86Hopfield\u5c0d\u8a72\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u4e5f\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1bThomas\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5316\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6b21Hopfield\u70ba\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8207\u534a\u5c0e\u9ad4\u6750\u6599\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u8acb\u6559Thomas\uff0c\u4e00\u756a\u4fc3\u819d\u9577\u8ac7\u5f8c\uff0c\u5169\u4eba\u4fbf\u8fc5\u901f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7d44\u6210\u8de8\u9818\u57df\u5718\u968a\uff0c\u651c\u624b\u89e3\u8b0e\u3002\u8b93\u4eba\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5169\u4eba\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6b21\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u57281968\u5e74\u5171\u540c\u7372\u5f97\u7f8e\u570b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u6703\u6240\u9812\u767c\u7684\u300c\u5967\u5229\u5f17\u5df4\u514b\u5229\u51dd\u614b\u7269\u7406\u734e\u300d\uff08Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u662f\u9019\u4e00\u5207\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u500bHopfield\u5fc3\u5fc3\u5ff5\u5ff5\u8ffd\u5c0b\u8a31\u4e45\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002Hopfield\u6c38\u9060\u8a18\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\u5831\u5230\u6642\u7684\u60c5\u666f\uff1a\u82b1\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e0a\u5348\u4ecb\u7d39\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u96a8\u5f8c\u8fa6\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u653f\u624b\u7e8c\u4fbf\u96a8\u8457\u5718\u54e1\u4e00\u8d77\u53bb\u5403\u4e86\u5348\u9910\uff1b\u7576\u5929\u4e0b\u5348\uff0cHopfield\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u5167\u82b1\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u6642\u6574\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u66f8\u8207\u671f\u520a\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5230\u4e94\u6a13\u7684\u5132\u85cf\u5ba4\u62ff\u4e86\u5e7e\u672c\u756b\u7dda\u7b46\u8a18\u672c\u3001\u5e7e\u652f\u925b\u7b46\u53ca\u7b46\u524a\uff0c\u4e26\u628a\u6bcf\u652f\u925b\u7b46\u90fd\u524a\u5f97\u5c16\u5c16\u7684\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u4ed6\u554f\u81ea\u5df1\uff1a\u300c\u7136\u5f8c\u5462\uff1f\uff08\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u80fd\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\uff09\u300d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u7518\u65bc\u6b64\u7684Hopfield\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ffd\u96a8\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u8173\u6b65\uff0c1968\u5e74\u540c\u6a23\u5728\u53e4\u6839\u6f22\u734e\u5b78\u91d1\u7684\u8cc7\u52a9\u4e0b\u524d\u5f80\u82f1\u570b<a href=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=36497\">\u528d\u6a4b\u5927\u5b78\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u8a31\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\uff08Cavendish Laboratory\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8a72\u6821\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7cfb\uff09<\/a>\u8a2a\u554f\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u53ea\u53ef\u60dc\u9019\u5834\u8d8a\u6d0b\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u6700\u7d42\u6beb\u7121\u65ac\u7372\u3002\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u56de\u570b\u5f8c\uff0cHopfield\u78b0\u5de7\u7d50\u8b58\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u6b63\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\uff08hemoglobin\uff09\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6Robert G. Shulman\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4ed6\u4eba\u751f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u8f49\u6298\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u25cf\u8de8\u8db3\u751f\u7269\u5b78<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u5c0d\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u5982\u4f55\u6293\u7dca\u6216\u91cb\u653e\u6c27\u6c23\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u70ba\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u7684\u751f\u7406\u8abf\u63a7\u4f5c\u7528\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u689d\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u8def\u3002\u8ab0\u91d0\u6e05\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u8ab0\u4fbf\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u7acb\u4e0b\u65b0\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\u3002\u9019\u4efd\u5c07\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u63a8\u5411\u66f4\u56b4\u8b39\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u4ee4Shulman\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u82e6\u53e3\u5a46\u5fc3\u3001\u5faa\u5faa\u5584\u8a98\uff0c\u53ea\u5e0c\u671bHopfield\u80fd\u8003\u616e\u52a0\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5718\u968a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5206\u6790\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u7d50\u69cb\u6240\u9700\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u9806\u78c1\u5171\u632f\uff08Electron Paramagnetic Resonance\uff0cEPR\uff09\u3001\u6838\u78c1\u5171\u632f\u5149\u8b5c \uff08Nuclear Magnetic Resonance\uff0cNMR\uff09\u8207X\u5149\u5c04\u7dda\u6676\u9ad4\u5b78\uff08X-ray crystallography\uff09\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662fHopfield\u904e\u53bb\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u6642\u518d\u719f\u6089\u4e0d\u904e\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u6280\u8853\u3002\u57fa\u65bc\u5c0d\u8de8\u9818\u57df\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u525b\u525b\u9060\u6e21\u91cd\u6d0b\u537b\u7a7a\u624b\u800c\u6b78\u7684Hopfield\u6b23\u7136\u540c\u610f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Shulman\u7684\u5718\u968a\u6700\u7d42\u78ba\u8a8d\u4e86\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u7d44\u7e54\u9593\u6c2b\u96e2\u5b50\uff08\u9178\u9e7c\u503c\uff09\u8207\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u78b3\u7684\u8abf\u63a7\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8207\u6c27\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u89aa\u548c\u529b\uff08affinity\uff09\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u9760\u8457\u9019\u7a2e\u7570\u4f4d\u8abf\u63a7\u6a5f\u5236\uff08allosteric regulation\uff09\u9054\u5230\u6536\u3001\u653e\u6c27\u6c23\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u9019\u6b21\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4ee4Hopfield\u66f4\u52a0\u5805\u4fe1\u7269\u7406\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u4e2d\u5927\u6709\u53ef\u70ba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u9813\u5927\u5b78\u517c\u8ab2\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u751f\u7269\u7269\u7406\u5b78\uff08Biophysics\uff09\u3002\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0cShulman\u5c07\u5718\u968a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u9ede\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u4e86tRNA\uff08transfer RNA\uff0c\u8f49\u904b\u6838\u7cd6\u6838\u9178\uff09\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u7d50\u69cb\u4e0a\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8b93Hopfield\u66f4\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u537b\u662ftRNA\u6240\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u5408\u6210\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u751f\u7269\u7d30\u80de\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7a31\u70ba\u6838\u91a3\u9ad4\uff08ribosome\uff09\u7684\u80de\u5668\uff0c\u6703\u6309\u7167mRNA\uff08messenger RNA\uff0c\u4fe1\u4f7f\u6838\u7cd6\u6838\u9178\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\uff0c\u5e36\u5165\u6709\u6b63\u78ba\u5c0d\u61c9\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684tRNA\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u5176\u6240\u651c\u5e36\u7684\u80fa\u57fa\u9178\u9023\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5408\u6210\u8f03\u9577\u93c8\u7684\u80dc\u80bd\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u7d44\u6210\u6709\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u6eff\u8db3\u65bc\u300c\u9470\u5319\u8207\u9396\u300d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5e36\u6709\u6b63\u78ba\u5c0d\u61c9\u5bc6\u78bc\u7684tRNA\u6703\u88ab\u52a0\u5165\u80dc\u80bd\u93c8\u4e2d\uff0c\u932f\u8aa4\u7684tRNA\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u628a\u63d2\u932f\u5b54\u7684\u9470\u5319\uff0c\u55ae\u7d14\u300c\u63d2\u4e0d\u9032\u53bb\u6216\u8f49\u4e0d\u52d5\u300d\uff01\u7136\u800cHopfield\u521d\u6b65\u4f30\u7b97\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u537b\u767c\u73fe\u55ae\u4ee5mRNA\u8207tRNA\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5bc6\u78bc\u914d\u5c0d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u5be6\u969b\u5408\u6210\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad8\u6e96\u78ba\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Hopfield\u6700\u7d42\u7531\u5316\u5b78\u52d5\u529b\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u9810\u6e2c\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u5c1a\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u300c\u6821\u5c0d\u300d\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u767c\u8868\u57281974\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7bc7\u300c\u592a\u904e\u7269\u7406\u300d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7576\u4e0b\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u5f15\u8d77\u592a\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u6642\u5019\u958b\u59cb\uff0cHopfield\u66f4\u78ba\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff1a\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u4e2d\u7368\u6709\u7684\u300c\u529f\u80fd\u300d\uff08function\uff09\u9019\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u7121\u6578\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u61c9\u96c6\u9ad4\u4ea4\u7e54\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u7db2\u7d61\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u55ae\u4e00\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u5206\u5b50\u6216\u4e00\u7d44\u9023\u7e8c\u7684\u751f\u5316\u53cd\u61c9\u9014\u5f91\u6240\u80fd\u53ca\u7684\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u300c\u7db2\u7d61\u300d\u624d\u662f\u5967\u79d8\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1977\u5e74\u7684\u79cb\u5929\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u8cb4\u5ba2\u6155\u540d\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6210\u529f\u8de8\u8db3\u7269\u7406\u8207\u751f\u7269\u5169\u754c\u7684Hopfield\u5728\u4e00\u583440\u4eba\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u4e0a\u8aaa\u8aaa\u8a71\u3002\u4ed6\u662fFrancis O. Schmitt\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u300c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\uff08neuroscience\uff09\u525b\u8d77\u6b65\u6642\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u63a8\u52d5\u8005\uff1b\u800c\u90a3\u5834\u5c0f\u578b\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u662f\u300c\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u756b\u300d\uff08Neuroscience Research Program\uff09\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u500b\u8de8\u570b\u3001\u8de8\u6821\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u4f7f\u5f97\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u9010\u6f38\u6f14\u8b8a\u70ba\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u5982\u9810\u671f\uff0cHopfield\u7684\u5206\u4eab\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u805a\u6703\u4e2d\u7372\u5f97\u592a\u5927\u7684\u8ff4\u97ff\uff1b\u53cd\u800c\u662fHopfield\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6b20\u7f3a\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u537b\u50cf\u95d6\u9032\u904a\u6a02\u5712\u7684\u5b69\u7ae5\uff0c\u5c0d\u805a\u6703\u4e2d\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5145\u6eff\u597d\u5947\u3001\u8e8d\u8e8d\u6b32\u8a66\u3002\u7a76\u7adf\u5fc3\u667a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u7531\u5927\u8166\u4e2d\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u5462\uff1fHopfield\u5982\u7372\u81f3\u5bf6\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7d42\u65bc\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #008080;\">\u25cf\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hopfield\u6700\u5148\u662f\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u300b\uff08<em>Scientific American<\/em>\uff09\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u5eb7\u5a01\u751f\u547d\u904a\u6232\u300d\uff08Conway's Game of Life\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u865f\u7a31\u300c\u904a\u6232\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u73a9\u5bb6\u53c3\u8207\u3002\u50cf\u68cb\u76e4\u7684\u904a\u6232\u4ecb\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u683c\uff08\u7d30\u80de\uff09\u6703\u4f9d\u5faa\u9130\u8fd1\u7d30\u80de\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u7576\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7d30\u80de\uff08\u5448\u73fe\u9ed1\u8272\uff09\u5468\u570d\u6709\u8d85\u904e3\u500b\u7d30\u80de\u5b58\u6d3b\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u8a72\u7d30\u80de\u5c07\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u8cc7\u6e90\u5331\u4e4f\u800c\u6b7b\u53bb\uff08\u5448\u73fe\u767d\u8272\uff09\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u4e00\u500b\u6b7b\u53bb\u7684\u7d30\u80de\u82e5\u5468\u570d\u6709\u8d85\u904e3\u500b\u7d30\u80de\u5b58\u6d3b\u6642\uff0c\u5247\u53c8\u6703\u5728\u4e0b\u4e00\u523b\u8f49\u70ba\u9ed1\u8272\uff0c\u8c61\u5fb5\u8457\u751f\u547d\u7684\u7e41\u884d\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u8a2d\u4e0b\u521d\u59cb\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u7cfb\u7d71\u4fbf\u53ef\u6309\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u898f\u5247\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u82b1\u7d0b\u8207\u6a23\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u4f3c\u904a\u6232\u7684\u7d30\u80de\u81ea\u52d5\u6a5f\uff08cellular automata\uff09\u53c8\u88ab\u7a31\u4f5c\u300c\u4eba\u5de5\u751f\u547d\u300d\uff08artificial life\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u662f\u7531\u82f1\u570b\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6John Horton Conway\u6240\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u53cd\u8f49\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u8907\u96dc\u7cfb\u7d71\u80cc\u5f8c\u90fd\u6709\u7e41\u8907\u898f\u5247\u300d\u7684\u65e2\u5b9a\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Hopfield\u99ac\u4e0a\u806f\u60f3\u5230\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u795e\u7d93\u5143\uff0c\u4e26\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u6709\u8457\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\uff1a\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u6216\u7d30\u80de\u81ea\u52d5\u6a5f\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u500b\u8d77\u59cb\u72c0\u614b\uff08state\uff09\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u4f9d\u7167\u67d0\u4e9b\u898f\u5247\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u505c\u5728\u7d42\u6b62\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u7d30\u80de\u81ea\u52d5\u6a5f\u6240\u4f9d\u5faa\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u80cc\u5f8c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6240\u660e\u78ba\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u898f\u5247\uff08\u4e00\u500b\u7d30\u80de\u672c\u8eab\u8207\u9130\u8fd1\u7d30\u80de\u5728t\u6642\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u4fbf\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u8a72\u7d30\u80de\u5728t+1\u6642\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff09\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u7d30\u80de\u4e2d\uff0c\u537b\u6709\u8457\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\u898f\u5247\u2500\u2500\u8d6b\u5e03\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08Hebb\u2019s rule\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6Donald Hebb\u57281949\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u300b\uff08<em>Organization of Behavior<\/em>\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u63cf\u8ff0\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>\u7576\u7d30\u80deA\u7684\u8ef8\u7a81\u8207B\u7d30\u80de\u9760\u5f97\u5920\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e26\u8db3\u4ee5\u91cd\u8907\u4e14\u6301\u7e8c\u5730\u6fc0\u767cB\u7d30\u80de\u6642\uff0c\u5169\u500b\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u6216\u50c5\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u6703\u767c\u751f\u67d0\u7a2e\u751f\u9577\u6216\u4ee3\u8b1d\u4e0a\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u63d0\u5347A\u7d30\u80de\u6fc0\u767cB\u7d30\u80de\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u3002<br \/>\n<\/em><em>When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency as one of the cells firing B, is increased.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u6bb5\u6558\u8ff0\u5e38\u88ab\u6fc3\u7e2e\u70ba\u4e00\u53e5\u4e0d\u751a\u7cbe\u78ba\u4f46\u6717\u6717\u4e0a\u53e3\u7684\u53e3\u865f\uff1a\u300c\u5171\u540c\u653e\u96fb\u7684\u7d30\u80de\u6703\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u9023\u300d\uff08Cells that fire together, wire together.\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f1982\u5e74Hopfield\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def\uff08Hopfield Network\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7d93\u7db2\u8def\u4e2d\uff0c\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u898b\u8d6b\u5e03\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7d50\u69cb\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u76f8\u4e92\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7d93\u5143\uff08\u4f46\u4e0d\u5141\u8a31\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u76f8\u9023\uff09\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u9023\u7d50\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6b0a\u91cd\uff08weight\uff09\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u8457\u5169\u500b\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u5f37\u5ea6\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u521d\u59cb\u72c0\u614b\uff081\u6216-1\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u6839\u64da\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u9023\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u8207\u9023\u7d50\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\u4e00\u6b65\u6b65\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7d42\u6b62\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9818\u57df\u6709\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5728\u795e\u7d93\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u7684\u300c\u806f\u60f3\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u300d\uff08associative memory\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u5316\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6a21\u578b\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u806f\u60f3\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u74b0\u3002\u5b83\u5141\u8a31\u5728\u8cc7\u8a0a\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u55ae\u6191\u4e00\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u3001\u4e00\u7a2e\u5473\u9053\u6216\u4e00\u6bb5\u7247\u9762\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u806f\u60f3\u8d77\u4f86\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u63d0\u5230\u300c\u4e00\u96bb\u9ed1\u8272\u8001\u9f20\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7d05\u8272\u540a\u5e36\u8932\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5361\u901a\u300d\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4fbf\u80fd\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u731c\u60f3\u5230\u662f\u7c73\u8001\u9f20\u3002\u5728\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u5011\u9069\u5207\u5730\u8abf\u6574\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6b0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e00\u7fa4\u795e\u7d93\u5143\u5728\u53d7\u5230\u64fe\u52d5\u5f8c\uff0c\u5176\u7fa4\u9ad4\u72c0\u614b\u4ecd\u80fd\u4f9d\u898f\u5247\u6f14\u8b8a\u800c\u6536\u6582\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u7d42\u6b62\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u662f\u5728\u90e8\u5206\u8cc7\u6599\u7f3a\u5931\u6216\u6709\u96dc\u8a0a\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u9010\u6f38\u56de\u60f3\u8d77\u539f\u5148\u7684\u300c\u8a18\u61b6\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u6167\uff08Artificial Intelligence\uff09\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u8a00\uff0cMarvin Minsky\u8207Seymour Papert\u57281969\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u611f\u77e5\u5668\uff1a\u8a08\u7b97\u5e7e\u4f55\u5b78\u6982\u8ad6\u300b\uff08<em>Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry<\/em>\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u97ad\u8f9f\u5165\u88e1\u5730\u9ede\u51fa\u65e9\u671f\u55ae\u5c64\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7d93\u7db2\u8def\u7684\u9650\u5236\u8207\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31980\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7d93\u7db2\u8def\u7814\u7a76\u9084\u672a\u80fd\u7531\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6253\u64ca\u4e2d\u8d70\u51fa\uff1bHopfield\u662f\u5728\u9019\u6bb5\u5bd2\u51ac\u4e2d\uff0c\u9084\u80fd\u767c\u8868\u95dc\u9375\u4e14\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u5b78\u8005\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5230\u4e86\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7d93\u7db2\u8def\u4ee5\u300c\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b78\u7fd2\u300d\uff08Deep Learning\uff09\u4e4b\u59ff\u91cd\u65b0\u5305\u88dd\u3001\u7c89\u58a8\u56de\u6b78\u5f8c\uff0c\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def\u7684\u8b8a\u9ad4\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u5982\u6df1\u5ea6\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7db2\u8def\uff08Deep Belief Network\uff09\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u25cf\u7136\u5f8c\u5462\uff1f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Hopfield\u4e00\u751f\u7372\u734e\u7121\u6578\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6700\u80fd\u8a00\u7c21\u610f\u8cc5\u6982\u62ec\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u5b78\u8853\u6210\u5c31\u7684\uff0c\u83ab\u904e\u65bc2019\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9812\u767c\u300c\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u734e\u300d\uff08Franklin Institute Awards\uff09\u6642\u6240\u7d66\u51fa\u7684\u6388\u734e\u7406\u7531\uff1a<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>\u5c07\u7406\u8ad6\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u907a\u50b3\u5b78\u7b49\u8a31\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u96fb\u8166\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\u5b78\u7fd2\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\u3002<\/em><br \/>\n<em>For applying concepts of theoretical physics to provide new insights on important biological questions in a variety of areas, including neuroscience and genetics, with significant impact on machine learning, an area of computer science.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u7136\u5f8c\u5462\uff1f\uff08\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u80fd\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\uff09\u300d\u9019\u500b\u56f0\u64feHopfield\u5927\u534a\u751f\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u56f0\u64fe\u8457\u8a31\u591a\u5b78\u8005\u3001\u4f5c\u5bb6\u8207\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u3002\u7136\u800c\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u53ea\u9858\u610f\u5f85\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8212\u9069\u5708\u4e2d\uff0c\u5ef6\u7e8c\u8457\u6628\u5929\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9802\u591a\u5411\u524d\u63a8\u9032\u9019\u9ebc\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e9b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8eab\u70ba\u4e00\u4f4d\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u537b\u6210\u529f\u8de8\u754c\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u3001\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u96fb\u8166\u79d1\u5b78\u7684Hopfield\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u986f\u5f97\u4e0d\u5351\u4e0d\u4ea2\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u5df1\u300d\u52c7\u65bc\u8de8\u51fa\u8212\u9069\u5708\uff0c\u5b64\u6ce8\u4e00\u64f2\u5730\u5c08\u6311\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u8da3\u3001\u68d8\u624b\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u4e0b\u624b\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u7576\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u300c\u6a5f\u9047\u300d\u4f54\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1a\u96d9\u89aa\u90fd\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u8c9d\u723e\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u9858\u610f\u8b93\u4ed6\u8de8\u5165\u5b8c\u5168\u964c\u751f\u7684\u9818\u57df\u3001\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u9813\u5927\u5b78\u56e0\u70ba\u5099\u8ab2\u6240\u9700\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u68b3\u7406\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e00\u8def\u4ee5\u4f86\u66fe\u7d93\u5e6b\u52a9\u904e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u3002Hopfield\u6df1\u77e5\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u611f\u5ff5\u4ed6\u5011\u9858\u610f\u82b1\u6642\u9593\u50be\u807d\u4e00\u4f4d\u9580\u5916\u6f22\u60f3\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3001\u60f3\u554f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002\u4ed6\u66f4\u5f15\u7528\u82f1\u570b\u5287\u4f5c\u5bb6David Hare\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u552f\u6709\u5f8c\u898b\u4e4b\u660e\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u89ba\u5f97\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u3002\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u60f3\u5beb\u4e00\u90e8\u56de\u61b6\u9304\uff0c\u95e1\u91cb\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u7136\u3002<br \/>\nIt's hindsight that makes a thing look inevitable. I wanted to write a memoir to explain how purely life depends on chance.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u8a31\u591a\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u5c08\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u5fd9\u788c\u65bc\u300c\u89e3\u7b54\u300d\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f55\u4e0d\u653e\u958b\u624b\u300c\u63d0\u51fa\u300d\u81ea\u5df1\u60f3\u554f\u7684\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u81f3\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\uff1f\u96a8\u7de3\u5427\uff01<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Active (\u201cKinetic\u201d)\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/physicallensonthecell.org\/cell-biology-phenomena\/active-kinetic-proofreading\">Proofreading<\/a>\u00a0| Physical Lens on the Cell.<\/li>\n<li>Dennis, S. (1997).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/staff.itee.uq.edu.au\/janetw\/cmc\/chapters\/Hopfield\/#:~:text=By%20characteri\">The Hopfield Network: Descent on an Energy Surface<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Hopfield, J. (1974).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.71.10.4135\">Kinetic Proofreading: A New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences<\/em>,\u00a0<em>71<\/em>(10), 4135-4139.<\/li>\n<li>Hopfield, J. (1982).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.79.8.2554\">Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences<\/em>,\u00a0<em>79<\/em>(8), 2554-2558.<\/li>\n<li>Hopfield, J. (2018).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pni.princeton.edu\/john-hopfield\/john-j.-hopfield-now-what\">Now What?<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Liviu, S. (2019).<a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@serbanliviu\/hopfield-nets-and-the-brain-e5880070cdba\">\u00a0Hopfield nets and the brain<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The Franklin Institute. (2019).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c8JZwBRm4ys\"><em>John Hopfield: Mind From Machine<\/em><\/a>[Video].<\/li>\n<li>\u5433\u6587\u6210\uff08\u6c1190\uff09\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlas-zone.com\/complex\/alife\/ca\/index.html\"><strong>\u7d30\u80de\u81ea\u52d5\u6a5f\u3000<\/strong><strong>Cellular Automata<\/strong><\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9673\u58eb\u6770\uff08\u6c1194\uff09\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/debussy.im.nuu.edu.tw\/sjchen\/Project_Courses\/ML\/SVM.pdf\"><strong>\u652f\u6301\u5411\uf97e\u6a5f\u57fa\u790e<\/strong><\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9673\u58eb\u6770\uff08\u6c1194\uff09\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/debussy.im.nuu.edu.tw\/sjchen\/Project_Courses\/ML\/NN_05.pdf\"><strong>\uf9d0\ufa19\u7d93\u7db2\uf937\u57fa\u790e\uff0d\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\uf937<\/strong><\/a>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #999999;\">(\u672c\u6587\u70ba\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u300c\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u6167\u6280\u8853\u53ca\u61c9\u7528\u4eba\u624d\u57f9\u80b2\u8a08\u756b\u300d\u6210\u679c\u5167\u5bb9)<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u96d9\u89aa\u7686\u70ba\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0cHopfield\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u5730\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u540d\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u7518\u65bc\u88ab\u8212\u9069\u5708\u6240\u4fb7\u9650\u7684\u4ed6\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u5411\u5916\u5c0b\u627e\u300c\u90a3\u500b\u503c\u5f97\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3002\u65bc\u662f\u5148\u5f8c\u8de8\u8db3\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7576\u6642\u65b0\u8208\u7684\u795e\u7d93\u79d1\u5b78\u53caAI\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u5404\u500b\u9818\u57df\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u8996\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8840\u7d05\u86cb\u767d\u7684\u5225\u69cb\u8abf\u63a7\u3001tRNA\u53c3\u8207\u86cb\u767d\u8cea\u5408\u6210\u7684\u6821\u6b63\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u800c\u5f8c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u970d\u666e\u83f2\u723e\u7db2\u8def\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u7684\u806f\u60f3\u5f0f\u8a18\u61b6\uff08associative memory\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e5f\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u5e7e\u8fd1\u88ab\u5ee2\u68c4\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u795e\u7d93\u7db2\u8def\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u71c3\u8d77\u4e00\u7d72\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":36985,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4986,5138,3772,3293],"tags":[5011,5013,5014,5012],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/John-Hopfield_\u982d\u50cf.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36984"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=36984"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36984\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37035,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36984\/revisions\/37035"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/36985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=36984"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=36984"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=36984"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}