{"id":35799,"date":"2020-12-03T00:25:26","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T16:25:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=35799"},"modified":"2023-06-06T10:27:36","modified_gmt":"2023-06-06T02:27:36","slug":"fritz-muller%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e7%99%bc%e7%8f%be%e3%80%8c%e7%a9%86%e6%b0%8f%e6%93%ac%e6%85%8b%e3%80%8d%ef%bc%9f-%e8%8d%89%e8%9c%a5%e6%80%8e%e9%ba%bc%e8%a8%8e%e8%80%81%e5%a9%86%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=35799","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u6c99\u9f8d\u3011\u3008Fritz M\u00fcller\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u73fe\u300c\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u300d\uff1f\u3009&#038;\u3008\u8349\u8725\u600e\u9ebc\u8a0e\u8001\u5a46\uff1f\u3009"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jq3glntuGx4\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>\u3008Fritz M\u00fcller\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u73fe\u300c\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u300d\uff1f\u3009<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u751f\u7269\u64ec\u614b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5929\u64c7\u4f5c\u7528\u9020\u5c31\u751f\u7269\u6027\u72c0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u7522\u751f\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u9069\u61c9\u529b\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u3002\u751f\u7269\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u4e0a\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u64ec\u614b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u9632\u79a6\u6027\u64ec\u614b\uff0c\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u8c9d\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u300d\u5169\u5927\u985e\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u537b\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u672c\u8b1b\u7531\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8d77\u6e90\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u9019\u500b\u7406\u5ff5\u70ba\u4f55\u6700\u8fd1\u53d7\u5230\u8cea\u7591\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8b1b\u5e2b\uff1a\u984f\u8056\u7d18\u2502\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b78\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u751f\u7269\u7684\u9632\u79a6\u6027\u64ec\u614b\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u6700\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u662f\u8c9d\u8332 (Henry Bates) \u4ee5\u53ca\u7a46\u52d2 (Fritz M\u00fcller) \u5169\u4f4d\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u4e9e\u99ac\u905c\u76c6\u5730\u9032\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8c9d\u8332\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u64ec\u614b\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0d\u5929\u6575\u7121\u5bb3\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u985e\u4f3c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u5bb3\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u5916\u8868\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5929\u6575\u8aa4\u4ee5\u70ba\u5176\u6709\u5bb3\u800c\u4e0d\u52a0\u4ee5\u6355\u98df\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u8c9d\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u300d\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u540c\u6a23\u5728\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u6cbf\u6d77\u5730\u5340\u505a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7a46\u52d2\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u5169\u7a2e\u6709\u6bd2\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9577\u5f97\u5f88\u50cf\u800c\u4e92\u8499\u5176\u5229\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9010\u6f38\u8b8a\u5f97\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u554f\u984c\uff1f\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u7a2e\u9577\u5f97\u5f88\u50cf\u7684\u6709\u6bd2\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u4e92\u8499\u5176\u5229\u800c\u8b8a\u5f97\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u65e2\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7260\u5011\u9ad4\u5167\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\u5177\u6709\u6bd2\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7260\u5011\u5f9e\u4f55\u8655\u7522\u751f\u9019\u7a2e\u5316\u5b78\u7269\u8cea\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u900f\u904e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a5f\u8f49\u5c0e\u81f4\u7260\u5011\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u9019\u5957\u300c\u77e5\u5176\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u77e5\u5176\u6240\u4ee5\u7136\u300d\u7684\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\uff0c\u5230\u4e86 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u6642\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u7406\u8ad6\u751f\u614b\u5b78\u5bb6\u8cea\u7591\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u751f\u7269\u7684\u6b21\u7d1a\u9632\u79a6\u6a5f\u5236\u9060\u6bd4\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u5143\uff0c\u5176\u9632\u79a6\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u4f86\u6e90\u3001\u6fc3\u5ea6\u3001\u6301\u4e45\u5ea6\u3001\u5229\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u7686\u6709\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e00\u6d3e\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u751f\u614b\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u526f\u8c9d\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u300d\uff1a\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u6108\u9577\u6108\u50cf\u7684\u6709\u6bd2\u7269\u7a2e\u4e26\u975e\u4e92\u76f8\u64ec\u614b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u300c\u6c92\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e0d\u597d\u5403\u300d\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u8b93\u81ea\u5df1\u9577\u5f97\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u50cf\u300c\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u597d\u5403\u300d\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u7372\u5f97\u64ec\u614b\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u6548\u679c\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u80fd\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u4e92\u8499\u5176\u5229\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7269\u7a2e\u642d\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u7269\u7a2e\u7684\u4fbf\u8eca\uff0c\u518d\u8aaa\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5be6\u52d9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u5f88\u96e3\u8861\u91cf\u63a0\u98df\u8005\u6703\u57fa\u65bc\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5224\u65b7\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u6355\u98df\u5177\u5099\u67d0\u7a2e\u6027\u72c0\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u63a0\u98df\u8005\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u9084\u6703\u6709\u52d5\u614b\u8b8a\u5316\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u6211\u5011\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u66ab\u6642\u7121\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u63a8\u7ffb\u5176\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u85c9\u7531\u526f\u8c9d\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u6c7a\u50b3\u7d71\u7a46\u6c0f\u64ec\u614b\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u76f2\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Kz1thmMHXyM\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>\u3008\u8d85\u7d1a\u82f1\u96c4\u7684\u808c\u8089\u8207\u54c0\u6101\u2014\u2014\u8ac7\u8ac7\u8349\u8725\u600e\u9ebc\u8a0e\u8001\u5a46\uff1f\u3009<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u7269\u7af6\u5929\u64c7\u662f\u9054\u723e\u6587\u5728\u6f14\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u53e6\u4e00\u9805\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u6027\u64c7\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u7a2e\u5316\u3001\u907a\u50b3\u4ea4\u6d41\u3001\u8a0a\u865f\u50b3\u905e\u3001\u7e41\u6b96\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u5bc4\u751f\u87f2\u751f\u7269\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u751f\u6b96\u6295\u8cc7\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6b0a\u8861\u8207\u4ee3\u50f9\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u884c\u70ba\u751f\u614b\u5b78\u4e0a\u8010\u4eba\u5c0b\u5473\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u984c\u6750\u3002\u672c\u8b1b\u4ee5\u53f0\u7063\u672c\u571f\u7684\u8349\u8725\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u5927\u91cf\u6a19\u8a18\u6a23\u672c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9577\u671f\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u6027\u64c7\u9020\u5c31\u7684\u7e41\u6b96\u4e4b\u8b0e\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8b1b\u5e2b\uff1a\u6797\u601d\u6c11\u2502\u81fa\u7063\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u5b78\u9662\u6559\u6388<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6027\u64c7\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u8981\u7531\u96cc\u96c4\u5169\u6027\u5171\u540c\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u4ee5\u96c4\u6027\u7aed\u76e1\u6240\u80fd\u5730\u5c55\u73fe\u5176\u5149\u9bae\u4eae\u9e97\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u7372\u5f97\u96cc\u6027\u7684\u9752\u775e\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7372\u5f97\u4ea4\u914d\u7e41\u884d\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u96c4\u6027\u7684\u5916\u89c0\u5c55\u73fe\u5f97\u518d\u600e\u9ebc\u5149\u9bae\u4eae\u9e97\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u96cc\u6027\u5c0d\u6b64\u6027\u72c0\u6c92\u6709\u504f\u597d\uff0c\u63a0\u98df\u8005\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5929\u64c7\u58d3\u529b\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6703\u628a\u9019\u7a2e\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u7e41\u884d\u7684\u6027\u72c0\u6d88\u6ec5\u3002\u9996\u5148\u4ee5\u5be6\u9a57\u9a57\u8b49\u6027\u64c7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u662f\u82f1\u570b\u907a\u50b3\u5b78\u5bb6\u8cbb\u96ea (Ronald A. Fisher) \uff0c\u4ed6\u85c9\u7531\u64cd\u63a7\u9577\u5c3e\u5be1\u5a66\u9ce5\u7684\u5c3e\u5df4\u9577\u77ed\uff0c\u6e2c\u8a66\u96cc\u9ce5\u5c0d\u65bc\u96c4\u9ce5\u9577\u5c3e\u5df4\u7684\u504f\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6f14\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b78\u5bb6\u624e\u54c8\u7dad (Amotz Zahavi) 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