{"id":34421,"date":"2019-09-27T00:48:44","date_gmt":"2019-09-26T16:48:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=34421"},"modified":"2019-09-23T10:52:59","modified_gmt":"2019-09-23T02:52:59","slug":"%e3%80%90%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%8f%b2%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%b9%9d%e6%9c%88%e3%80%911929-%e5%b9%b4-9-%e6%9c%88-5-%e6%97%a5-%e5%a4%b8%e5%85%8b%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e5%bb%ba%e6%a7%8b%e8%80%85%e8%93%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=34421","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u7269\u7406\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e5d\u6708\u30111929 \u5e74 9 \u6708 5 \u65e5: \u5938\u514b\u6a21\u578b\u5efa\u69cb\u8005\u84cb\u723e\u66fc (Murray Gell-Mann) \u8a95\u751f"},"content":{"rendered":"

1929 \u5e74 9 \u6708 5 \u65e5: \u5938\u514b\u6a21\u578b\u5efa\u69cb\u8005\u84cb\u723e\u66fc (Murray Gell-Mann) \u8a95\u751f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6587\uff5c<\/strong>\u856d\u5982\u73c0\u3001\u694a\u4fe1\u7537\uff08\u81fa\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7cfb\uff09<\/p>\n

\"\"
Wikimedia Commons
\u84cb\u723e\u66fc (Murray Gell-Mann)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1932 \u5e74\u67e5\u514c\u514b \u3008James Chadwick\u3009 \u767c\u73fe\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u78ba\u7acb\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u662f\u7531\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u7d44\u6210\u5f8c\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u53ea\u6709\u56db\u7a2e\uff1a\u5149\u5b50\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\u3001\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u5f8c\uff0c\u65b0\u7c92\u5b50\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u7dda\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u8d8a\u5efa\u8d8a\u9ad8\u7684\u65b0\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u4e2d\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u96dc\u4e82\u7121\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ee4\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u56f0\u60d1\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u300c\u7c92\u5b50\u5712\u300d\u4e4b\u8a5e\u3002\u84cb\u723e\u66fc (Murray Gell-Mann) \u7d93\u7531\u5c0d\u7a31\u6027\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5938\u514b\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7d44\u6210\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7f8e\u9e97\u3001\u7c21\u55ae\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u5f97\u4ee5\u5448\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n

1929 \u5e74 9 \u6708 5 \u65e5\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\u66fc\u54c8\u9813\uff0c\u7236\u6bcd\u662f\u7336\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4f86\u81ea\u7576\u6642\u7531\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u5207\u723e\u8afe\u592b\u7b56\u5e02 (Chernivitsi)\uff0c\u80b2\u6709\u4e8c\u5b50\u3002\u5c0f\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5e74\u9577\u4e5d\u6b72\u7684\u54e5\u54e5\u5e38\u5e36\u4ed6\u5230\u6a39\u6797\u88e1\u770b\u52d5\u3001\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u8cde\u9ce51<\/sup>\uff0c\u958b\u555f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u751f\u7269\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7236\u89aa\u6709\u95dc\u8a5e\u6e90\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u85cf\u66f8\u4e5f\u6df1\u70ba\u8457\u8ff7\uff0c\u7a2e\u4e0b\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u5c0d\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u7684\u71b1\u611b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5f9e\u5c0f\u904e\u76ee\u4e0d\u5fd8\uff0c\u8070\u660e\u904e\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u795e\u7ae5\u4e4b\u8b7d\u3002\u9032\u5c0f\u5b78\u5f8c\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u300c\u6d3b\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u300d\u7684\u7dbd\u865f\u3002\u5341\u56db\u6b72\u5c31\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\u81ea\u4e2d\u5b78\u7562\u696d\uff0c\u96a8\u5373\u7372\u734e\u5b78\u91d1\u9032\u5165\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u5c31\u8b80\u3002<\/p>\n

\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u51fa\u751f\u6642\u6b63\u9022\u7f8e\u570b\u80a1\u5e02\u5927\u5d29\u76e4\uff0c\u5f15\u767c\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u6050\u614c\u3002\u4ed6\u7236\u89aa\u539f\u7d93\u71df\u4e00\u9593\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u6821\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u6050\u614c\u5f8c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\u6821\u5012\u9589\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u5230\u4e00\u9593\u73a9\u5177\u9032\u53e3\u5546\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u518d\u8f49\u5165\u9280\u884c\u7576\u5c0f\u8077\u54e1\uff0c\u85aa\u6c34\u975e\u5e38\u5fae\u8584\u3002\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5bb6\u7576\u6642\u7d93\u6fdf\u975e\u5e38\u62ee\u636e\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9032\u5165\u8036\u9b6f\u5927\u5b78\u5f8c\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u8981\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4fee\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u7562\u696d\u5f8c\u6709\u597d\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u50be\u5411\u9078\u64c7\u8003\u53e4\u5b78\u6216\u8a9e\u8a00\u5b78\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u59a5\u5354\u70ba\u7269\u7406\u3002\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u90a3\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u535a\u5f97\u8001\u4eba\u5bb6\u7684\u6b61\u5fc3\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u767c\u73fe\u7269\u7406\u4ee4\u4eba\u8457\u8ff7\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u7236\u89aa\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

1948 \u5e74\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5728\u8036\u9b6f\u7372\u5f97\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u58eb\uff0c\u518d\u9032\u5165\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b78\u9662\u653b\u8b80\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u53ea\u82b1\u4e86\u4e09\u5e74\uff0c\u4fbf\u5728\u7dad\u65af\u79d1\u4f2f\u592b (Victor Weisskopf) \u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u300a\u5076\u5408\u5f37\u5ea6\u548c\u6838\u53cd\u61c9\u300b\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u6642\u5e74 21 \u6b72\u3002\u4ed6\u65cb\u5373\u61c9\u6b50\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8 \uff08J. Robert Oppenheimer\uff09 \u4e4b\u8058\u5230\u666e\u6797\u65af\u9813\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n

\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5728 1952 \u5e74 1 \u6708\u8f49\u8d74\u7531\u8cbb\u7c73 \uff08Enrico Fermi\uff09 \u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b78\u6838\u7814\u7a76\u6240 (\u4eca\u7a31 Enrico Fermi Institute)\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u8cbb\u7c73\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u90a3\u88e1\u6210\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u7269\u7406\u91cd\u93ae\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\u8f15\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u97ff\u5f80\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6709\u5982 1920 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6ce2\u8033\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Niels Bohr Institute\uff09\u3002\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u8207\u8cbb\u7c73\u5169\u4eba\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u4e14\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u8d70\u5eca\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u03c0-\u4ecb\u5b50\u3001K-\u4ecb\u5b50\u548c \u039b0<\/sup>-\u91cd\u5b50\u7b49\u76f8\u7e7c\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u7dda\u4e2d\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5e03\u9b6f\u514b\u8d6b\u6587\u570b\u5bb6\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4 (Brookhaven National Laboratory) \u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u52a0\u901f\u5668 \u2013 \u5b87\u5b99\u8cea\u5b50\u540c\u6b65\u52a0\u901f\u5668 (Cosmotron) \u5efa\u9020\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u958b\u555f\u4e86\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u812b\u96e2\u6838\u7269\u7406\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5e8f\u5e55\u3002\u03c0-\u4ecb\u5b50\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u78ba\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u6e6f\u5ddd\u79c0\u6a39\u5728 1935 \u5e74\u6240\u5047\u8a2d\u5a92\u4ecb\u6838\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u6380\u8d77\u6975\u5927\u71b1\u6f6e\u3002\u4f46 K-\u4ecb\u5b50\u548c \u039b0<\/sup> -\u91cd\u5b50\u7b49\u5247\u5b8c\u5168\u4ee4\u4eba\u6478\u4e0d\u8457\u982d\u7dd2\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u96f2\u9727\u5ba4 (cloud chamber) \u4e2d\u7559\u4e0b\u985e V \u5b57\u5f62\u7684\u8ecc\u8de1\uff0c\u5373\u8870\u8b8a\u5f8c\u4e8c\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u8ecc\u8de1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u6cdb\u7a31\u70ba V \u7c92\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

V \u7c92\u5b50\u4ee4\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u7dda\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u4e0d\u4f4e\u65bc \u03c0-\u4ecb\u5b50\u7684 1%\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u591a\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u534a\u8870\u671f \u2267 10-10 <\/sup>\u79d2\uff0c\u9019\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u5177\u5f37\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u7c92\u5b50\u534a\u8870\u671f \u2248 10-23 <\/sup>\u79d2\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u5f88\u9577\u7684\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5462\uff1f1950 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u5728\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u53ca\u5927\u962a\u57ce\u5e02\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u897f\u5cf6\u548c\u5f65 (Kazuhiko Nishizima) \u548c\u4e2d\u91ce\u8463\u592b<\/span> <\/a>(Tadao Nakano) \u5728 1953 \u5e74 11 \u6708\u5206\u5225\u5c0d\u8a72\u554f\u984c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u9019\u4e9b V \u7c92\u5b50\u5177\u300c\u5947\u7570\u6027\u300d\uff0c \u800c\u4e14\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6574\u6578\u8a08\u91cf\u7684\uff0c\u53eb\u300c\u5947\u7570\u6578\u300d \u3002\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\uff0c\u5728\u5f37\u53ca\u96fb\u78c1\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u5b88\u6052\uff0c\u5728\u5f31\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u5247\u5426\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u7dda\u4e2d\u7d93\u7531\u5177\u5f37\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7c92\u5b50\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u78b0\u649e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u6210\u5c0d\u7684\u5947\u7570\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u5947\u7570\u7c92\u5b50\u4e0d\u80fd\u7d93\u7531\u5f37\u4f5c\u7528\u8870\u8b8a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u534a\u8870\u671f\u76f8\u5c0d\u9577\u3002\u5947\u7570\u6578\u7684\u5f15\u9032\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u5f8c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5206\u985e\u6cd5\u53ca\u5938\u514b\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n

1955 \u5e74\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u61c9\u52a0\u5dde\u7406\u5de5\u5b78\u9662\u4e4b\u8058\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u8cbb\u66fc \uff08Richard Feynman\uff09 \u7684\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u9084\u76f8\u9130\u3002\u8d77\u5148\u5169\u4eba\u6709\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5728 1958 \u5e74\u767c\u8868\u4e00\u7bc7\u91cd\u8981\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f31\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u61c9\u5177 V\u2013 A \u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u8a72\u60f3\u6cd5\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5148\u7531\u8607\u9054\u723e\u5c71 (E.C.G. Sudarshan) \u548c\u99ac\u6c99\u514b (R.E. Marshak) \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u6642\u9593\u4e00\u4e45\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u548c\u8cbb\u66fc\u4e4b\u9593\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u745c\u4eae\u60c5\u7bc0\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ad6\u6587\u4e5f\u6210\u70ba\u4e8c\u4eba\u552f\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u767c\u8868\u904e\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u9ad8\u80fd\u52a0\u901f\u5668\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5230\u4e86 1960 \u5e74\u521d\u5df2\u903e\u767e\u500b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6028\u5606\u8aaa\uff0c\u591a\u51fa\u73fe\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u986f\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7121\u77e5\u3002\u4f46\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5805\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u6df1\u4e00\u5c64\u7684\u5c0d\u7a31\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u773e\u591a\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u9023\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u7406\u8ad6\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e3b\u8981\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7d42\u65bc\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u548c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u5948\u66fc (Yuval Ne\u2019eman) \u5728 1961 \u5e74\u5206\u5225\u7368\u7acb\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u7d93\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u53d6\u540d\u70ba\u300c\u516b\u6b63\u9053\u300d (Eightfold way) \uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u4f5b\u6559\u6cd5\u8f2a\u6709\u516b\u6839\u8f2a\u8f3b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8981\u7fa9\u5176\u5be6\u8ddf\u4f5b\u6cd5\u7121\u95dc\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u559c\u6b61\u800d\u82b1\u6a23\u800c\u5df1\u3002\u300c\u516b\u300d\u4f86\u81ea\u84cb-\u5948\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f35 8 \u500b\u8cea\u91cf\u6700\u4f4e\u7684\u91cd\u5b50\u548c\u4ecb\u5b50\u5206\u5225\u53ef\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc SU(3) \u7fa4\u7684\u516b\u91cd\u8868\u76f8\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc\u540c\u4f4d\u65cb2 <\/sup>SU(2) \u7fa4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e8c\u91cd\u8868\u76f8\u3002<\/p>\n

SU(3) \u548c SU(2) \u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u300c\u5947\u7570\u6578\u300d \u9019\u500b\u91cf\u5b50\u6578\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5728\u7531\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u6838\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u61c9\u8a72\u5c0d\u540c\u4f4d\u65cb\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u8f49\u52d5\u5177\u4e0d\u8b8a\u6027 (invariance) \u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f37\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5728 SU(3) \u7a7a\u9593\u5177\u8f49\u52d5\u4e0d\u8b8a\u6027\uff0c\u5247\u89c0\u6e2c\u5230\u7684\u91cd\u5b50\u3001\u4ecb\u5b50\u53ca\u5176\u5404\u7a2e\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u5171\u632f\u614b\u90fd\u6703\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc SU(3) \u7fa4\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u8868\u76f8\u3002\u6839\u64da\u300c\u516b\u6b63\u9053\u300d \u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc\u516b\u91cd\u8868\u76f8\u7684\u91cd\u5b50\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc\u5341\u91cd\u8868\u76f8\u7684\u91cd\u5b50\u30021964\u5e74\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u4e0a\u679c\u7136\u767c\u73fe \u03a9- <\/sup>\uff0c\u88dc\u9f4a\u4e86\u91cd\u5b50\u5341\u91cd\u8868\u76f8\uff0c\u662f\u300c\u516b\u6b63\u9053\u300d \u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u52dd\u5229\u30021969 \u5e74\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e4b\u7372\u9812\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7269\u7406\u734e\u3002<\/p>\n

1964 \u5e74\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3b\u5f35\u91cd\u5b50\u53ef\u8996\u70ba\u7531\u5c0d\u61c9\u65bc SU(3) \u7fa4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e09\u91cd\u8868\u76f8\u7684\u6b21\u7c92\u5b50\u6240\u7d44\u6210\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b21\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u70ba 1\/2\uff0c\u6240\u5e36\u7684\u96fb\u8377\u53ea\u70ba\u96fb\u5b50\u7684 \u00b11\/3 \u6216 \u00b12\/3\u3002\u7576\u6642\u8328\u5916\u683c (George Zweig) \u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8ad6\u6587\u4e26\u6c92\u767c\u8868\u3002\u559c\u6b61\u82b1\u6a23\u7684\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u8d77\u5148\u60f3\u7528\u9d28\u7684\u53eb\u8072\u300ckwork\u300d\u4f86\u547d\u540d\u5938\u514b\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u592a\u78ba\u5b9a\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u8a5e\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u62fc\u6cd5\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u5728\u55ac\u4f0a\u65af<\/a> (James Joyce) \u7684\u5c0f\u8aaa\u300a\u82ac\u5c3c\u6839\u7684\u5b88\u9748\u591c<\/a>\u300b(Finnegans Wake<\/em><\/a>)  <\/em>\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u300c\u5938\u514b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\uff1a\u5411\u9ea5\u514b\u8001\u5927\u4e09\u547c\u5938\u514b\uff01 (Three quarks for Muster Mark!) \uff0c\u4fbf\u6c7a\u5b9a\u63a1\u7528\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u539f\u5148\u84cb-\u8328\u5747\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u300c\u5938\u514b\u300d\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u7576\u5b83\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6578\u5b78\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46 1968 \u5e74\u53f2\u5766\u798f\u76f4\u7dda\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u4e2d\u5fc3 (SLAC) \u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u986f\u793a\u8cea\u5b50\u5167\u90e8\u6709\u9ede\u72c0\u7269\u9ad4\uff0c\u9593\u63a5\u652f\u6301\u5938\u514b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8a72\u5be6\u9a57\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u54e1\u4e26\u56e0\u4e4b\u7372\u9812 1990 \u5e74\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7269\u7406\u734e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5938\u514b\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u4f7f\u7d44\u6210\u91cd\u5b50\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u5938\u514b\u6ce2\u51fd\u6578\u4e0d\u9055\u53cd\u5305\u7acb \uff08Wolfgang Pauli\uff09 \u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u539f\u7406<\/a>\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u70ba\u5938\u514b\u5f15\u9032\u4e00\u500b\u65b0<\/span>\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u300c\u8272\u300d\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4ee5\u85cd\u3001\u7da0\u53ca\u7d05\u8fa8\u5225\u4e4b\u30021973 \u5e74\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u53ca\u4f5b\u7acb\u7386  (H. Fritzsch)  \u3001\u5442\u7279\u7dad\u52d2  (H. Leutwyler) \u4e09\u4eba\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u300c\u8272\u8377\u300d\u70ba\u5834\u7684\u6e90\u982d\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u4eca\u66f0\u5f37\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u8ad6\u300c\u91cf\u5b50\u8272\u52d5\u529b\u5b78\u300d (Quantum Chromodynamic, QCD) \u4e4b\u59cb\u3002\u56de\u9867\u5f9e\u5947\u7570\u6578\u3001\u516b\u6b63\u9053\u3001\u5938\u514b\u4ee5\u81f3\u91cf\u5b50\u8272\u52d5\u529b\u5b78\uff0c\u7121\u8655\u4e0d\u898b\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\uff0c\u7a31\u4ed6\u70ba\u5f37\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7406\u8ad6 QCD \u7684\u300c\u7956\u5e2b\u723a\u300d\uff0c\u61c9\u662f\u6070\u5982\u5176\u4efd\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b77\u53f2\u5c0d\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u69cb\u60f3\u540c\u671f\u4e5f\u6709\u4ed6\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u5982\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u8070\u660e\u7d55\u9802\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u4e5f\u662f\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u81ea\u8ca0\u3001\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0c\u813e\u6c23\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u683c\u7f85\u65af (David Gross\uff0c2019\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u6703\u6703\u9577\u30012004 \u5e74\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u7269\u7406\u734e) \u5c31\u8aaa\u904e: \u300c\u7576\u6211\u9084\u662f\u500b\u5e74\u8f15\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6642\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5c0d\u6211\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u65e2\u9f13\u821e\u8457\u6211\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4ee4\u6211\u751f\u754f\u3002\u4ed6\u865f\u7a31\u901a\u66c9\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5728 63 \u6b72 (1993 \u5e74) \u6642\u4fbf\u81ea\u52a0\u5dde\u7406\u5de5\u5b78\u9662\u9000\u4f11\uff0c\u642c\u5230\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\uff0c\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u8207\u8056\u5854\u83f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240 (Santa Fe Institute) \u7684\u4e8b\u52d9\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ed6\u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u5c0d\u8003\u53e4\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u751f\u7269\u7b49\u7684\u71b1\u611b\uff0c\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u5b78\u7fd2\u548c\u6f14\u5316\u7b49\u8907\u96dc\u7cfb\u7d71\u53ca\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u3002\u4ed6\u5728 1994 \u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u5938\u514b\u8207\u7f8e\u6d32\u8c79\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u8207\u8907\u96dc\u4e2d\u7684\u63a2\u96aa\u300b\uff08The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex<\/em>\uff09\u4e00\u66f8\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u591a\u5e74\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u8207\u5fc3\u5f97\u3002<\/p>\n

\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u4e00\u751f\u7372\u734e\u7121\u6578\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5404\u77e5\u540d\u79d1\u5b78\u734e\u9805\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u540d\u5217 1988 \u5e74\u806f\u5408\u570b 500 \u74b0\u5883\u4fdd\u8b77\u734e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5728 1955 \u5e74\u8207\u746a\u683c\u9e97\u7279\uff0e\u9676 (Margaret Dow) \u7d50\u5a5a\uff0c\u80b2\u6709\u4e00\u5973\u4e00\u5b50\uff0c\u746a\u683c\u9e97\u7279\uff0e\u9676\u65bc 1981 \u5e74\u904e\u4e16\u3002\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5728 1992 \u5e74\u518d\u8207\u8a69\u4eba\u90b5\u65af\u7dad\u514b (Marcia Southwick ) \u7d50\u5a5a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee5\u96e2\u5a5a\u6536\u5834\u30022019 \u5e74 5 \u6708 24 \u65e5\uff0c\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u5728\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5b89\u8a73\u8fad\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

****************************************************************************************************<\/p>\n

\u8a3b1: \u53f0\u7063\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u8cde\u9ce5\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u5730\u5340\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c1994\u5e744\u6708\u84cb\u723e\u66fc\u8a2a\u53f0\uff0c\u91ce\u9ce5\u5354\u6703\u61c9\u4ed6\u8acb\u6c42\uff0c\u5b89\u6392\u4e86\u4e00\u8d9f\u4ed6\u8d74\u4e2d\u90e8\u8cde\u9ce5\u4e4b\u65c5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a3b2: \u540c\u4f4d\u65cb (isospin \u6216 isotopic spin) \u662f\u7531\u6d77\u68ee\u5821 (Werner Heisenberg) \u65bc1932\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u5b50\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u5f8c\uff0c\u63f4\u5f15\u81ea\u65cb\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u96fb\u8377\u7a7a\u9593\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u81ea\u65cb\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u53eb\u300c\u540c\u4f4d\u65cb\u300d\u3002\u5728\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u65cb\u70ba 1\/2 \u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u81ea\u65cb\u88ab\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\u6e2c\u91cf\u5b83\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u70ba\u534a\u6574\u6578 \u00b11\/2\u3002\u6d77\u68ee\u5821\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u662f\u300c\u540c\u4f4d\u65cb\u300d\u70ba 1\/2 \u7684\u540c\u4e00\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u96fb\u8377\u70ba 1 \u6216 0 \u53ea\u662f\u5206\u5225\u5c0d\u61c9\u300c\u540c\u4f4d\u65cb\u300d\u4e0d\u540c\u5206\u91cf \u00b11\/2 \u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6838\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5c0d\u5728\u96fb\u8377\u7a7a\u9593\u4e2d\u7684\u8f49\u52d5\u61c9\u5177\u4e0d\u8b8a\u6027\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7a2e\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u300c\u540c\u4f4d\u65cb\u300d= 0, 1\/2, 1,\u2026\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\u52a0\u5165\u597d\u53cb\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1932 \u5e74\u67e5\u514c\u514b\u3008James Chadwick\u3009\u767c\u73fe\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u78ba\u7acb\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u662f\u7531\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u7d44\u6210\u5f8c\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u53ea\u6709\u56db\u7a2e\uff1a\u5149\u5b50\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\u3001\u8cea\u5b50\u548c\u4e2d\u5b50\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u5f8c\uff0c\u65b0\u7c92\u5b50\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u7dda\u548c\u80fd\u91cf\u8d8a\u5efa\u8d8a\u9ad8\u7684\u65b0\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u4e2d\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u96dc\u4e82\u7121\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ee4\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u56f0\u60d1\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u300c\u7c92\u5b50\u5712\u300d\u4e4b\u8a5e\u3002\u84cb\u723e\u66fc (Murray Gell-Mann)\u7d93\u7531\u5c0d\u7a31\u6027\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5938\u514b\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u5be6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7d44\u6210\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7f8e\u9e97\u3001\u7c21\u55ae\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u5f97\u4ee5\u5448\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":34423,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3293,3145],"tags":[1576,4367],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/95.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34421"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=34421"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34421\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34479,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34421\/revisions\/34479"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/34423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=34421"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=34421"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=34421"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}