{"id":29807,"date":"2017-11-01T00:24:21","date_gmt":"2017-10-31T16:24:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=29807"},"modified":"2018-07-29T13:08:03","modified_gmt":"2018-07-29T05:08:03","slug":"%e3%80%90%e5%a4%a7%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e5%b0%8f%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b%e3%80%9145-%e6%9c%89%e6%b2%92%e6%9c%89%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b%e4%b8%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=29807","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u5927\u5b87\u5b99\u5c0f\u6545\u4e8b\u301145 \u6709\u6c92\u6709\u6545\u4e8b(\u4e0b)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u64b0\u6587\uff5c<\/strong>\u8449\u674e\u83ef<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u5948\u7c73\u79d1\u6280\u662f\u7576\u4eca\u7684\u986f\u5b78\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5927\u5bb6\u8ac7\u5230\u53ef\u898b\u5149\u7684\u6ce2\u9577\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u8aaa\u5927\u7d04\u662f400\u81f3700\u5948\u7c73\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u9084\u7fd2\u6163\u7528\u300c4000\u81f37000\u57c3\u300d\u4f86\u754c\u5b9a\u53ef\u898b\u5149\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u57c3\u662f\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u5948\u7c73\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u516c\u5c3a\u7684\u767e\u5104\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u55ae\u4f4d\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7d00\u5ff5\u745e\u5178\u5149\u8b5c\u5b78\u5bb6\u57c3\u683c\u65af\u7279\u6717(Anders \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m, 1814-1874)\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281868\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u592a\u967d\u5149\u8b5c\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\uff0c\u8a73\u7d30\u8a18\u9304\u4e86\u4e00\u5343\u9918\u689d\u300c\u592a\u967d\u5438\u6536\u5149\u8b5c\u300d\u8b5c\u7dda\u7684\u6ce2\u9577\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u66f8\u5beb\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee510<sup>-10<\/sup>\u516c\u5c3a\u4f5c\u70ba\u6ce2\u9577\u7684\u55ae\u4f4d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u57c3\u6c0f\u662f\u6700\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u57c3(\u00c5)\u9019\u500b\u55ae\u4f4d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u57c3\u6c0f\u7d55\u975e\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u592a\u967d\u5149\u8b5c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u4ed6\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u570b\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u592b\u6717\u548c\u6590(Joseph von Fraunhofer, 1787-1826)\u5c31\u767c\u660e\u4e86\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5149\u8b5c\u5100(spectroscope, \u4ea6\u7a31\u5206\u5149\u93e1)\u3002\u85c9\u8457\u9019\u500b\u5100\u5668\uff0c\u4ed6\u767c\u73fe\u592a\u967d\u5149\u8b5c\u4e2d\u85cf\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u524d\u6240\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u7d30\u5fae\u7d50\u69cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u65bc\u5149\u8b5c\u5b78\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u592b\u6717\u548c\u6590\u958b\u5275\u7684\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u5247\u662f\u898b\u4ec1\u898b\u667a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u771f\u8981\u8ffd\u672c\u6eaf\u6e90\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u725b\u9813\u624d\u662f\u9019\u9580\u5b78\u554f\u7684\u958b\u5c71\u7956\u5e2b\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u5149\u8b5c\u300d\u5176\u5be6\u5c31\u662f\u4f9d\u7167\u6ce2\u9577\u5927\u5c0f\u6392\u6210\u4e00\u5217\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5149\u7dda\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u725b\u9813\u7528\u4e09\u7a1c\u93e1\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u300c\u5f69\u8679\u300d\u7121\u7591\u662f\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9020\u5149\u8b5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u725b\u9813\u5230\u592b\u6717\u548c\u6590\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u76f8\u9694\u4e00\u500b\u534a\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u7cbe\u78ba\u5ea6\u81ea\u7136\u63d0\u5347\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u725b\u9813\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u592a\u967d\u5149\u8b5c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u9053\u9023\u7e8c\u7684\u5f69\u8679\uff0c\u592b\u6717\u548c\u6590\u5247\u5229\u7528\u5149\u8b5c\u5100\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u627e\u5230574\u689d\u9ed1\u7dda\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u9019\u9ebc\u60f3\uff0c\u5f9e\u592a\u967d\u5167\u90e8\u767c\u51fa\u7684\u53ef\u898b\u5149\uff0c\u5728\u7d93\u904e\u592a\u967d\u8868\u9762\u6642\uff0c\u88ab\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u983b\u7387\uff1b\u9019\u4e9b\u983b\u7387\u7684\u5149\u4e26\u672a\u5c04\u5230\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\uff0c\u5149\u8b5c\u4e2d\u7576\u7136\u5c31\u5448\u73fe\u51fa\u4e00\u689d\u689d\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u88c2\u7e2b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u88e1\u8a2d\u6cd5\u8b93\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u81ea\u5df1\u767c\u5c04\u96fb\u78c1\u6ce2\uff0c\u4fbf\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u660e\u4eae\u7684\u7dda\u689d\uff0c\u525b\u597d\u548c\u300c\u5438\u6536\u5149\u8b5c\u300d\u7684\u9ed1\u7dda\u4e92\u88dc\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u767c\u5c04\u5149\u8b5c\u300d\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u65e9\u57281860\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u57c3\u6c0f\u4fbf\u7814\u7a76\u904e\u6c2b\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u767c\u5c04\u5149\u8b5c\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u56db\u689d\u4eae\u7dda(\u5206\u5225\u548c\u67d0\u689d\u300c\u592b\u6717\u548c\u6590\u7dda\u300d\u4e92\u88dc)\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7cbe\u78ba\u6e2c\u91cf\u51fa\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u6ce2\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u90a3\u56db\u689d\u4eae\u7dda\u4e26\u672a\u51a0\u4e0a\u57c3\u6c0f\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u7576\u7136\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u4eba\u63a0\u7f8e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63a0\u7f8e\u8005\u540d\u53eb\u5df4\u8033\u672b(Johann Balmer, 1825-1898)\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u745e\u58eb\u7c4d\u7684\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6578\u5b78\u8001\u5e2b\u3002\u4ed6\u539f\u672c\u548c\u5149\u8b5c\u5b78\u6beb\u7121\u6df5\u6e90\uff0c\u4e94\u5341\u5e7e\u6b72\u6642\u7a81\u7136\u5c0d\u9019\u9580\u5b78\u554f\u7522\u751f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u767c\u63ee\u4ed6\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u5c08\u9577\uff0c\u70ba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56db\u689d\u5c6c\u65bc\u53ef\u898b\u5149\u7684\u8b5c\u7dda\u300c\u6e4a\u51fa\u300d\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce2\u9577=3645.6m<sup>2<\/sup>\/(m<sup>2<\/sup>-4)\u57c3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dm=3, 4, 5, 6.<\/p>\n<p>\u7d42\u5176\u4e00\u751f\uff0c\u5df4\u8033\u672b\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u9019\u500b\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u537b\u8db3\u4ee5\u8b93\u4ed6\u540d\u5782\u9752\u53f2\u3002\u5b83\u767c\u8868\u65bc1885\u5e74\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u5df4\u8033\u672b\u525b\u597d\u516d\u5341\u6b72\uff0c\u582a\u7a31\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u5927\u5668\u665a\u6210\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7d00\u9304\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29808\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29808\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29808\" src=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/45-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"273\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u592b\u6717\u548c\u6590(\u5de6)\u3001\u57c3\u683c\u65af\u7279\u6717(\u4e2d)\u3001\u5df4\u8033\u672b(\u5716\u50cf\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u516c\u5f0f\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u7cbe\u78ba\uff0c\u6709\u8b58\u4e4b\u58eb\u90fd\u770b\u5f97\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u5b83\u80cc\u5f8c\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u624e\u5be6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6839\u64da\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u7576\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u96e3\u5012\u4e86\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u66f4\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u8033\u672b\u516c\u5f0f\u554f\u4e16\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u500b\u96e3\u984c\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u6084\u6084\u8a95\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u9f0e\u9f0e\u5927\u540d\u7684\u6ce2\u8033(Niels Bohr, 1885-1962)\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u6ce2\u8033\u63d0\u51fa\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u70ba\u5df4\u8033\u672b\u516c\u5f0f\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u7269\u7406\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5728\u8b1b\u8ff0\u9019\u6bb5\u6545\u4e8b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5148\u5c0d\u539f\u5b50\u8ad6\u505a\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u56de\u9867\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u65e9\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u81d8\u6642\u4ee3\u5c31\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\uff0c\u539f\u610f\u662f\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u4e4b\u7269\u300d\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4ecd\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u754c\u6709\u8457\u6df1\u9060\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7576\u9053\u8033\u9813(John Dalton, 1766-1844)\u63d0\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684(\u5316\u5b78\u7248)\u539f\u5b50\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u7e7c\u627f\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u65bc\u7269\u7406\u7248\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8981\u7b49\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u624d\u9678\u7e8c\u554f\u4e16\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u662f\u300c\u6e6f\u59c6\u68ee\u6a21\u578b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9577\u5ca1\u6a21\u578b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u62c9\u585e\u798f\u6a21\u578b\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u6ce2\u8033\u6a21\u578b\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f9d\u7167\u5148\u5f8c\u9806\u5e8f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u6e6f\u59c6\u68ee\u6a21\u578b\u8ac7\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6e6f\u59c6\u68ee(J. J. Thomson, 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Rutherford, 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class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u897f\u74dc\u6a21\u578b(\u5de6)\u8207\u592a\u967d\u7cfb\u6a21\u578b\u793a\u610f\u5716(\u5716\u50cf\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u592a\u967d\u7cfb\u6a21\u578b\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u6709\u5927\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u96fb\u5b50\u771f\u7684\u7e5e\u8457\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u516c\u8f49\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7121\u6cd5\u7dad\u6301\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\u6703\u8fc5\u901f\u589c\u843d\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6839\u64da\u96fb\u78c1\u5b78\uff0c\u8f49\u5708\u5708\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u6703\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c04\u96fb\u78c1\u6ce2\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u5c0e\u81f4\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u7e3d\u80fd\u91cf\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5c0f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u96fb\u5b50\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e0d\u65b7\u62c9\u8fd1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u62c9\u585e\u798f\u81ea\u5df1\u7576\u7136\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u500b\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u82e6\u7121\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e4b\u9053\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4f86\u81ea\u4e39\u9ea5\u7684\u6ce2\u8033\u9069\u6642\u6295\u5165\u4ed6\u9580\u4e0b\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u662f1912\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce2\u8033\u8ffd\u96a8\u62c9\u585e\u798f\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u4e0d\u7b97\u9577\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u77ed\u77ed\u5e7e\u500b\u6708\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5169\u4eba\u537b\u57f9\u990a\u51fa\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u5e2b\u751f\u60c5\u8abc\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5354\u52a9\u6069\u5e2b\u89e3\u6c7a\u9019\u500b\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u6ce2\u8033\u5927\u81bd\u5047\u8a2d\u666e\u6717\u514b\u7684(\u96e2\u6563\u80fd\u91cf)\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u8a31\u4e5f\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u539f\u5b50\u8ecc\u9053\u3002\u62c9\u585e\u798f\u539f\u672c\u4e26\u4e0d\u770b\u597d\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u6b20\u7f3a\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u53cd\u5c0d\u6ce2\u8033\u8a66\u8a66\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u6bcd\u570b\u7684\u6ce2\u8033\u624d\u6b63\u5f0f\u5b8c\u6210\u4e09\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u3008<wbr \/>\u8ad6\u539f\u5b50\u8207\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u69cb\u9020I, II, 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