{"id":29497,"date":"2017-09-28T00:47:53","date_gmt":"2017-09-27T16:47:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=29497"},"modified":"2018-07-29T11:23:44","modified_gmt":"2018-07-29T03:23:44","slug":"%e3%80%90%e5%a4%a7%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e5%b0%8f%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b%e3%80%9140-%e5%85%89%e9%99%b0%e4%bc%bc%e7%ae%ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=29497","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u5927\u5b87\u5b99\u5c0f\u6545\u4e8b\u301140 \u5149\u9670\u4f3c\u7bad"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u64b0\u6587\uff5c<\/strong>\u8449\u674e\u83ef<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29517\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29517\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29517\" src=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/40-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"320\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29517\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u611b\u4e01\u9813(\u5716\u50cf\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813(A. Eddington, 1882-1944)\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u529f\u7e3e\u662f\u70ba\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5929\u6587\u89c0\u6e2c\u8b49\u64da(\u8acb\u53c3\u8003\u3008<a href=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=29496\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e4b\u6700<\/a>\u3009)\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4ee5\u70ba\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u89c0\u6e2c\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u5927\u932f\u7279\u932f\u4e86\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5929\u9ad4\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u4ee3\u8868\u4ed6\u5c0d\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u6709\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u64da\u8aaa\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u516c\u958b\u5834\u5408\u554f\u4ed6\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u771f\u61c2\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u60a8\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1f\u6c92\u60f3\u5230\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u7adf\u7136\u53cd\u554f\uff1a\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u8ab0\u5462\uff1f\u300d\u9019\u96d6\u7136\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u50b3\u8aaa\uff0c\u537b\u8db3\u4ee5\u7a81\u986f\u4ed6\u5728\u9019\u9580\u5b78\u554f\u4e0a\u7684\u9020\u8a63\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u4e0d\u53ea\u7814\u7a76\u904e\u5ee3\u7fa9\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66fe\u7d93\u505a\u51fa\u300c\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u7d1a\u300d\u7684\u8ca2\u737b(Eddington-Finkelstein\u5ea7\u6a19)\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u6050\u6015\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u9084\u601d\u8003\u904e\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u6642\u9593\u7bad\u982d\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u5f88\u50cf\u4e00\u689d\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u6d41\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5728\u725b\u9813\u7684(\u7d55\u5c0d)\u6642\u7a7a\u89c0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u9019\u500b\u300c\u6642\u9593\u6cb3\u6d41\u300d\u7684\u610f\u8c61\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5169\u7a2e\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u90fd\u5c07\u6642\u7a7a\u8996\u70ba\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u53ea\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5ea7\u6a19\u8ef8\uff0c\u975e\u4f46\u4e0d\u518d\u6d41\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u8b8a\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u964c\u751f\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u9055\u80cc\u76f4\u89ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u5f14\u8a6d\u6709\u5169\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u300c\u6642\u9593\u6cb3\u6d41\u300d\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u725b\u9813\u672a\u80fd\u53c3\u900f\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u5247\u4e00\u91dd\u898b\u8840\u5730\u6233\u7a7f\u9019\u500b\u5047\u8c61\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89e3\u91cb\u5247\u662f\u56db\u7dad\u6642\u7a7a\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4ecd\u6709\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u61c9\u7576\u8a2d\u6cd5\u66ff\u5b83\u6253\u500b\u88dc\u4e01\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u9078\u64c7\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7adf\u7136\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u88fd\u4f5c\u88dc\u4e01\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002\u4ed6\u53ea\u597d\u8df3\u51fa\u6846\u67b6\u4f86\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u88dc\u4e01\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u516c\u51431927\u5e74\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u25cf\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u4e4b\u7236<sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6642\u9593\u9000\u56de\u5230\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u84b8\u6c7d\u6a5f\u65e9\u5df2\u63a8\u52d5\u5de5\u696d\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4f46\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u9019\u9580\u5b78\u554f\u537b\u9072\u9072\u5c1a\u672a\u8a95\u751f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u9084\u4e0d\u5920\u660e\u78ba\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u4ee3\u8868\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u5728\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7814\u767c\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u53ea\u662f\u8ddf\u8457\u611f\u89ba\u8d70\uff0c\u77e5\u5176\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u77e5\u5176\u6240\u4ee5\u7136\uff0c\u5c31\u9023\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u74e6\u7279(James Watt, 1736-1819)\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u4fe1\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u4ee5\u70ba\u74e6\u7279\u662f\u84b8\u6c7d\u6a5f\u7684\u767c\u660e\u8005\uff0c\u4e8b\u5be6\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u74e6\u7279\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u540d\u7559\u9752\u53f2\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5c07\u84b8\u6c7d\u6a5f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347\u3002\u4f46\u8af7\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u74e6\u7279\u84b8\u6c7d\u6a5f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u523010%\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u9084\u6709\u8d85\u904e90%\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6c92\u6d3e\u4e0a\u7528\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5de5\u696d\u754c\u591a\u9ebc\u5e0c\u671b\u66f4\u4e0a\u4e00\u5c64\u6a13\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u6b20\u7f3a\u7406\u8ad6\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u9032\u5c55\u76f8\u7576\u7de9\u6162\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5148\u5728\u5b78\u7406\u4e0a\u7814\u7a76\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u6cd5\u570b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u5361\u8afe(Sadi Carnot, 1796-1832)\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4fee\u7fd2\u904e\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u61c9\u8a72\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u6050\u6015\u5fd8\u4e86\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff1a\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u89aa(Lazare Carnot, 1753-1823)\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5361\u8afe\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u80a9\u8180\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29518\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29518\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29518\" src=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/40-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"335\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29518\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u5361\u8afe\u7236\u5b501813\u5e74\u756b\u50cf(\u5716\u50cf\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u9806\u5e36\u4e00\u63d0\uff0c\u8001\u5361\u8afe\u662f\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u91c7\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u64c1\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u548c\u8ecd\u4e8b\u5bb6\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u9817\u6709\u5efa\u6a39(\u5982\u679c\u4ee4\u4f60\u806f\u60f3\u5230\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\uff0c\u90a3\u4e0d\u7b97\u5de7\u5408\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u4eba\u53ef\u7b97\u662f\u5fd8\u5e74\u4e4b\u4ea4)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u6216\u8a31\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u8001\u5361\u8afe\u6559\u5b50\u6709\u65b9\uff0c\u5927\u5152\u5b50\u64c1\u6709\u300c\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u4e4b\u7236\u300d\u7684\u7f8e\u540d\uff0c\u4e8c\u5152\u5b50\u5247\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u627f\u5148\u555f\u5f8c\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9577\u5b50\u57f9\u990a\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u570b\u7e3d\u7d71\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u5230\u6b63\u984c\uff0c\u5361\u8afe\u7236\u5b50\u96d6\u7136\u90fd\u947d\u7814\u904e\u6a5f\u68b0\u6548\u7387\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u5169\u4eba\u7684\u300c\u5206\u5de5\u300d\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\uff1a\u8001\u5361\u8afe\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u6a5f\u68b0(\u69d3\u687f\u3001\u6ed1\u8f2a\u3001\u8f2a\u8ef8\u3001\u659c\u9762\u3001\u87ba\u65cb\u3001\u6954)\u6240\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u5361\u8afe\u5247\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u71b1\u6a5f(\u84b8\u6c7d\u6a5f\u8207\u5167\u71c3\u6a5f\u7684\u7d71\u7a31)\uff1b\u524d\u8005\u7684\u52d5\u529b\u662f\u6c34\u529b\u3001\u7378\u529b\u6216\u767c\u689d\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u662f\u9760\u71b1\u80fd\u4f86\u9a45\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5169\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u6b8a\u9014\u540c\u6b78\uff0c\u90fd\u767c\u73fe\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8f49\u63db\u6709\u5148\u5929\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u8001\u5361\u8afe\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6e90\u81ea\u6469\u64e6\u548c(\u975e\u5f48\u6027)\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u67d0\u4e9b\u80fd\u91cf\u56e0\u800c\u8f49\u8b8a\u6210(\u6563\u9038\u5230\u7a7a\u6c23\u4e2d\u7684)\u71b1\u91cf\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u6a5f\u68b0\u5728\u904b\u4f5c\u6642\u6469\u64e6\u548c\u78b0\u649e\u5728\u6240\u96e3\u514d\uff0c\u8f38\u5165\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u7576\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u6d3e\u4e0a\u7528\u5834\uff0c\u9019\u9ede\u76f8\u7576\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u8afe\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u4ed6\u767c\u73fe\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u4ee5\u71b1\u4f86\u9a45\u52d5\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u78e8\u64e6\u548c\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u9084\u662f\u7d55\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u71b1\u80fd\u786c\u662f\u4e0d\u80af\u8f49\u63db\u6210\u52d5\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9ebc\u71b1\u6a5f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\u5462\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\uff01\u7d93\u904e\u6578\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5361\u8afe\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u6a21\u578b(\u5361\u8afe\u71b1\u6a5f)\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c0e\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5b9a\u7406(\u5361\u8afe\u5b9a\u7406)\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u71b1\u6a5f\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u90fd\u4f4e\u65bc\u5361\u8afe\u71b1\u6a5f\u3002(\u5f8c\u4f86\u624d\u6709\u4eba\u7b97\u51fa\u5361\u8afe\u71b1\u6a5f\u7684\u6548\u7387\u662f1-T<sub>C<\/sub>\/T<sub>H<\/sub>, \u8acb\u53c3\u8003\u4e0b\u5716)\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29519\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29519\" style=\"width: 540px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29519\" src=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/40-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"213\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29519\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u5361\u8afe\u71b1\u6a5f\u793a\u610f\u5716(\u5716\u50cf\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)T<sub><span lang=\"EN-US\">H<\/span><\/sub>\u53ef\u60f3\u6210\u71c3\u6599\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u6eab\u5ea6\uff0cT<sub><span lang=\"EN-US\">C<\/span><\/sub>\u53ef\u60f3\u6210\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u6eab\u5ea6\u3002\u6b64\u5916Q<sub><span lang=\"EN-US\">H<\/span><\/sub>\u662f\u8f38\u5165\u71b1\u6a5f\u7684\u71b1\u91cf\uff0cQ<sub><span lang=\"EN-US\">C<\/span><\/sub>\u662f\u6392\u51fa\u7684\u71b1\u91cf\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u5deeW\u5373\u70ba\u71b1\u6a5f\u8f38\u51fa\u7684\u529f\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u500b\u5b9a\u7406\uff0c\u8b93\u5361\u8afe\u88ab\u5f8c\u4eba\u5c0a\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u4e4b\u7236\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u5fc5\u9808\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c31\u73fe\u4ee3\u6a19\u6e96\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5361\u8afe\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u4ecd\u6709\u300c\u8aa4\u6253\u8aa4\u649e\u300d\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u5c07\u71b1\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u6d41\u9ad4\uff0c\u7528\u6c34\u8eca\u7576\u4f5c\u71b1\u6a5f\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u79d1\u5b78\u754c\u5c1a\u672a\u77ad\u89e3\u71b1\u7684\u672c\u8cea(\u8acb\u53c3\u8003\u3008<a href=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=28621\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u7d71\u4e00\u8207\u7368\u7acb<\/a>\u3009)\uff0c\u7d55\u975e\u5361\u8afe\u4e0d\u5920\u8070\u660e\u6216\u4e0d\u5920\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5361\u8afe\u6b63\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u904e\u4e86\u982d\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u5e74\u7d00\u8f15\u8f15\u4fbf\u7a4d\u52de\u6210\u75be\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5065\u5eb7\u8fc5\u901f\u60e1\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u611f\u67d3\u970d\u4e82\u82f1\u5e74\u65e9\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u5361\u8afe\u9818\u5148\u6642\u4ee3\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u4e26\u672a\u5373\u6642\u53d7\u5230\u540c\u5115\u7684\u91cd\u8996\u3002\u7576\u4ed6\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u6b72\u544a\u5225\u4eba\u4e16\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u754c\u9084\u5e7e\u4e4e\u7b49\u65bc\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u865f\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u6b7b\u5f8c\u5341\u9918\u5e74\uff0c\u5361\u8afe\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u624d\u7531\u5e7e\u4f4d\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6(Clapeyron, Clausius, Kelvin)\u91cd\u65b0\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u300d\u4fdd\u7559\u7d66\u4e86\u7126\u8033\u7b49\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6046\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008080;\"><strong>\u25cf\u6642\u9593\u7684\u806f\u60f3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u7576\u5e74\u627e\u5230\u7684\u88dc\u4e01\u6b63\u662f\u71b1\u529b\u5b78\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u96b1\u542b\u4e86\u300c\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6d41\u52d5\u8207\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u7b49\u50f9\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u90fd\u80fd\u5f15\u767c\u6642\u9593\u7684\u806f\u60f3\u3002\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u53cd\u4f8b\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u300c\u7576\u4f60\u7528\u71b1\u4f86\u9a45\u52d5\u6a5f\u5668\u6642\uff0c\u6ce8\u5b9a\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u71b1\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u6d3e\u4e0a\u7528\u5834\u3002\u300d\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6558\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u4f3c\u4e4e\u548c\u6642\u9593\u516b\u7aff\u5b50\u4e5f\u6253\u4e0d\u8457\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u7248\u672c\uff1a\u300c\u5b64\u7acb\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u71b5\u6703\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5347\u81f3\u6975\u9650\u503c\u624d\u6703\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u300d\u8acb\u5927\u5bb6\u60f3\u60f3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u65b7\u589e\u52a0\u300d\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u6642\u96b1\u542b\u4e86\u6642\u9593\u7684\u6d41\u52d5\u8207\u65b9\u5411\uff1f\u800c\u6574\u500b\u5b87\u5b99\u7b97\u4e0d\u7b97\u4e00\u500b\u5b64\u7acb\u7cfb\u7d71\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6558\u8ff0\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u975e\u5e38\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u300c\u71b5\u300d\u3002\u6216\u8a31\u7531\u65bc\u5b83\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u5728\u5f15\u4ecb\u300c\u6642\u9593\u7bad\u982d\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u523b\u610f\u907f\u514d\u7528\u5b83\u4f86\u6253\u982d\u9663\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u57281928\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u611b\u4e01\u9813\u662f\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4efb\u610f\u756b\u500b\u7bad\u982d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8ddf\u8457\u9019\u500b\u7bad\u982d\u8d70\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u4e16\u4e0a\u6709\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7d0a\u4e82\u6210\u5206(random 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