{"id":29201,"date":"2017-08-09T01:42:04","date_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=29201"},"modified":"2018-07-29T11:18:21","modified_gmt":"2018-07-29T03:18:21","slug":"%e3%80%90%e5%a4%a7%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e5%b0%8f%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b%e3%80%9133-%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e6%80%aa%e9%ad%9a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=29201","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u5927\u5b87\u5b99\u5c0f\u6545\u4e8b\u301133 \u79d1\u5b78\u602a\u9b5a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u64b0\u6587\uff5c<\/strong>\u8449\u674e\u83ef<\/p>\n<p>\u559c\u6b61\u79d1\u5e7b\u6587\u5b78\u7684\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u79d1\u5e7b\u5c0f\u8aaa\u662f\u51fa\u7248\u65bc1818\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u602a\u4eba\u300b\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u746a\u9e97\u2027\u96ea\u840a\u4ee5\u300c\u751f\u7269\u96fb\u300d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5beb\u51fa\u4e00\u500b(\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u8b80\u8005\u800c\u8a00)\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u5341\u8db3\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u66f8\u4e2d\u4e3b\u89d2\u5bcc\u862d\u80af\u65af\u5766\u5229\u7528\u6b98\u7f3a\u7684\u5c4d\u8eab\u88fd\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u9ad4\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u67d0\u7a2e\u795e\u79d8\u529b\u91cf\u8ce6\u4e88\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u602a\u4eba\u300d\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u8272\u65bc\u7109\u8a95\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u300c\u751f\u7269\u96fb\u300d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u7368\u6a39\u4e00\u5e5f\u7684\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e\u96fb\u300d\uff0c\u548c\u9583\u96fb\u4ee5\u53ca\u6469\u64e6\u96fb\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5927\u6bb5\u8ddd\u96e2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u628a\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u602a\u4eba\u300b\u548c\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u806f\u60f3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u66f8\u540d(Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, \u76f4\u8b6f\u662f\u300a\u5bcc\u862d\u80af\u65af\u5766\u2500\u2500\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u666e\u7f85\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u300b)\u8207\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u95dc\u4fc2\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u65e9\u5c31\u6709\u4eba\u61f7\u7591\u300c\u5bcc\u862d\u80af\u65af\u5766\u300d\u9019\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u5f9e\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797(Franklin)\u8f49\u5316\u800c\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f8\u540d\u5f8c\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u5c31\u66f4\u6709\u6df5\u6e90\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u7576\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797(\u56b4\u683c\u8aaa\u4f86\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u6cd5\u570b\u53cb\u4eba)\u6355\u6349\u5230\u9583\u96fb\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5927\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5eb7\u5fb7\u66fe\u7d93\u5beb\u904e\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6587\u672b\u5c07\u4ed6\u8207\u666e\u7f85\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u76f8\u63d0\u4e26\u8ad6\u2500\u2500\u5169\u4eba\u5206\u5225\u5f9e\u300c\u5929\u5ead\u300d\u76dc\u4f86\u96fb\u8207\u706b\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u5fb7\u6587\u660e\u767d\u5beb\u4e0b\u300c\u65b0\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u666e\u7f85\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5c01\u865f(dem Prometheus der neuern Zeiten, \u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u9aa8\u5b50\u88e1\u662f\u8ca0\u9762\u7684\u610f\u601d)\u3002<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u65bc\u5728\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u548c\u751f\u7269\u96fb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9593\u63a5\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u8a71\u8aaa\u4e00\u4e03\u4e03\u96f6\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5fd9\u65bc\u653f\u4e8b\u7684\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u5c0d\u96fb\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u820a\u76f8\u7576\u95dc\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u85c9\u7531\u66f8\u4fe1\u5f80\u8fd4\uff0c\u555f\u767c\u548c\u9f13\u52f5\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f8c\u8d77\u4e4b\u79c0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4f4d\u5f8c\u8d77\u4e4b\u79c0\u662f\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u540d\u53eb\u83ef\u723e\u65af(John Walsh, 1726-1795)\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5148\u7c21\u55ae\u8ac7\u8ac7\u751f\u7269\u96fb\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u4eba\u985e\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u96fb\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u7d55\u5c0d\u6bd4\u6469\u64e6\u96fb\u6b77\u53f2\u4e45\u9060\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u5927\u7d04\u4e94\u5343\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u57c3\u53ca\u6f01\u592b\u5c31\u77e5\u9053\u5c3c\u7f85\u6cb3\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u597d\u60f9\u7684\u9b5a\u985e(\u5b78\u540d<em>Malapterurus electricus<\/em>\u7684\u96fb\u9bf0)\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u5c07\u7260\u8207\u751f\u7269\u96fb\u806f\u60f3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u53c8\u9678\u7e8c\u767c\u73fe\u5169\u7a2e\u5e36\u96fb\u7684\u9b5a\u985e(\u96fb\u9c29\u548c\u96fb\u9c3b)\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u66fe\u7d93\u662f\u83ef\u723e\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29203\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29203\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29203\" src=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/33-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/33-1.jpg 980w, https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/33-1-600x416.jpg 600w, https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/33-1-800x555.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u67d0\u7a2e\u96fb\u9c29(\u5716\u50cf\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u516c\u51431773\u5e74\uff0c\u83ef\u723e\u65af\u5c07\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u767c\u8868\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u7687\u5bb6\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\uff0c\u984c\u76ee\u662f\u3008\u95dc\u65bc\u96fb\u9c29\u7684\u96fb\u6027\u3009\u3002\u9019\u500b(\u4e2d\u6587)\u984c\u76ee\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u4e0d\u8d77\u773c\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u300c\u96fb\u9c29\u300d\uff0c\u5e36\u96fb\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u984c\u76ee(Of the Electric Property of the Torpedo)\u5247\u5f88\u8010\u4eba\u5c0b\u5473\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u83ef\u723e\u65af\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5927\u5bb6\u4e5f\u90fd\u77e5\u9053torpedo\u9019\u7a2e\u9b5a\u985e\u4e0d\u597d\u60f9\uff0c\u537b\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u7260\u7528\u96fb\u7576\u4f5c\u6b66\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u96fb\u6709\u56db\u7a2e\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u5438\u529b\u3001\u65a5\u529b\u3001(\u96fb)\u706b\u82b1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5636\u5636\u8072\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u4e26\u672a\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u96fb\u9b5a\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4e9b\u5b78\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u9b5a\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u7528\u67d0\u7a2e\u6bd2\u7d20\u653b\u64ca\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u611f\u5230\u9ebb\u6728\u8207\u6688\u7729\u3002(torpedo\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u5b57\u6e90\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u9ebb\u6728\u300d\uff0c\u6b64\u5916torpedo\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u9b5a\u96f7\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u624d\u767c\u660e\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5343\u842c\u4e0d\u8981\u5012\u56e0\u70ba\u679c\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>\u5169\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u83ef\u723e\u65af\u66fe\u7d93\u5229\u7528\u96fb\u9c3b\u88fd\u9020\u51fa\u706b\u82b1\u2500\u2500\u5728\u7a7a\u6c23\u800c\u975e\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u9084\u662f\u5f88\u795e\u5947\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u4ed6\u4e26\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u767c\u8868\u9019\u9805\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f8c\u4eba\u5c0d\u5be6\u9a57\u7d30\u7bc0\u6240\u77e5\u6709\u9650\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u59cb\u7d42\u4e0d\u66fe\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u96fb\u9c29\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u570b\u5b78\u8005\u958b\u59cb\u7528\u4e00\u7a2e\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u96fb\u9c29\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u4e0a\u9f0e\u9f0e\u6709\u540d\u7684\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f(Henry Cavendish, 1731-1810)\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5361\u6c0f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u540d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5728\u5316\u5b78\u548c\u842c\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u96fb\u5b78\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u82b1\u4e9b\u7bc7\u5e45\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u662f\u500b\u7279\u7acb\u7368\u884c\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u842c\u8cab\u5bb6\u8ca1\u8996\u5982\u7cde\u571f\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u5c31\u662f\u5f9e\u4e8b\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u9a57\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u96d6\u7136\u5b8c\u6210\u8a31\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u767c\u8868\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u5c11\u4e4b\u53c8\u5c11\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ed6\u5728\u96fb\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u767c\u73fe\u5f8c\u4f86\u90fd\u51a0\u4e0a\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u7576\u6578\u300c\u5eab\u4f96\u5b9a\u5f8b\u300d(\u9818\u5148\u5eab\u4f96\u81f3\u5c11\u5341\u5e74)\u8207\u300c\u6b50\u59c6\u5b9a\u5f8b\u300d(\u65e9\u65bc\u6b50\u59c646\u5e74)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u7814\u7a76\u96fb\u9c29\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u9006\u5411\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u8a31\u591a\u300c\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u300d\u88fd\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6a21\u6709\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u96fb\u9c29\uff0c\u8a66\u8457\u8b93\u5b83\u5c55\u73fe\u96fb\u9c29\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u6703\u4ee4\u4eba\u89f8\u96fb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u706b\u82b1\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29204\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29204\" style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29204\" src=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/33-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"226\" height=\"350\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29204\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u5716\u89e3(\u5716\u50cf\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u7dad\u57fa\u767e\u79d1)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\uff1f\u5c31\u529f\u80fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f60\u5927\u53ef\u5c07\u5b83\u60f3\u6210\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u84c4\u96fb\u74f6\u3002\u4f46\u8acb\u7279\u5225\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u7684\u84c4\u96fb\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e26\u672a\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u5316\u5b78\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u539f\u7406\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u84c4\u96fb\u74f6\u6216\u84c4\u96fb\u6c60\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u516c\u51431745-46\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u6b50\u6d32\u5169\u4f4d\u5b78\u8005\u5206\u5225\u767c\u660e\u51fa\u9019\u7a2e\u84c4\u96fb\u74f6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u540d\u7684\u7a46\u6c0f(Pieter van 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id=\"attachment_29205\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29205\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29205\" src=\"http:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/33-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"456\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29205\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u96fb\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u8207\u653e\u96fb\u904e\u7a0b\u793a\u610f\u5716(\u4f5c\u8005\u7e6a)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7528\u96d9\u624b\u6293\u8457\u90a3\u5169\u500b\u5c0e\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u8ff4\u8def(\u96fb\u5bb9\u5668\u2500\u2500\u5de6\u624b\u2500\u2500\u53f3\u624b\u2500\u2500\u96fb\u5bb9\u5668)\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u4f60\u5c31\u89f8\u96fb\u4e86\u3002\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u7684\u767c\u660e\u4eba\u7a46\u6c0f\u5c31\u6709\u89aa\u8eab\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u6b64\u4e8b\u5beb\u5728\u7d66\u53cb\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u610f\u662f\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u8981\u544a\u8a34\u4f60\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u65b0\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u5efa\u8b70\u4f60\u5225\u8f15\u6613\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e0d\u8981\u91cd\u8e48\u8986\u8f4d\u4e86\u3002\u300d\u8a71\u8aaa\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u88ab\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u96fb\u5230\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6109\u5feb\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u4f46\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u4e26\u4e0d\u592a\u5927\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u6703\u5206\u66c9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7f3a\u9ede\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u4f5c\u70ba\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u96fb\u6e90\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u958b\u59cb\u653e\u96fb\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u4e00\u767c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6536\u62fe\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u77ed\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5167\u91cb\u653e\u6b86\u76e1\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u653e\u96fb\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u8ab0\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4e00\u5169\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u5c07\u300c\u73bb\u7483\u96fb\u548c\u6a39\u8102\u96fb\u300d\u7528\u6b63\u8ca0\u96fb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7d71\u4e00\uff0c\u96fb\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u624d\u812b\u96e2\u4e86\u77e5\u5176\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u77e5\u5176\u6240\u4ee5\u7136\u7684\u7a98\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ecb\u7d39\u5b8c\u840a\u9813\u74f6\uff0c\u518d\u56de\u5230\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e14\u8aaa\u4ed6\u505a\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u7d42\u65bc\u767c\u73fe\u96fb\u9c29\u548c\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u7528\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f86\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u96fb\u58d3\u9ad8(\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u706b\u82b1)\u3001\u96fb\u91cf\u5c0f(\u6240\u4ee5\u6bba\u50b7\u529b\u5f31)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96fb\u9c29\u5247\u4e00\u5f8b\u662f\u96fb\u58d3\u4f4e(\u6240\u4ee5\u6c92\u706b\u82b1)\u3001\u96fb\u91cf\u5927(\u6240\u4ee5\u6bba\u50b7\u529b\u5f37)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u96fb\u58d3\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u96fb\u5316\u5ea6\u300d(degree 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electrification)\u9019\u500b\u53e4\u602a\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u4f46\u540d\u7a31\u4e00\u9ede\u90fd\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u300c\u96fb\u58d3\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u662f\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u6700\u5148\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u9084\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u7684\u96fb\u58d3\u548c\u5b83\u6240\u5e36\u7684\u96fb\u91cf\u5927\u81f4\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u50c5\u5e36\u6975\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u96fb\u91cf\uff0c\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u7684\u96fb\u58d3\u9084\u662f\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u5f88\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u4e86\u6a21\u64ec\u96fb\u9c29\uff0c\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u5c0749\u500b\u300c\u96fb\u91cf\u6975\u5c0f\u3001\u96fb\u58d3\u5920\u4f4e\u7684\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u300d\u4e26\u806f\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u662f\u4e26\u806f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6574\u9ad4\u96fb\u58d3\u4e26\u672a\u6539\u8b8a\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u7684\u96fb\u91cf\u7576\u7136\u8981\u7d2f\u52a0\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u96fb\u58d3\u4f4e\u3001\u96fb\u91cf\u5927\u300d\u7684\u88dd\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u65bc1776\u5e74\u767c\u8868\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c(\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u6b63\u5f0f\u767c\u8868\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u96fb\u5b78\u8ad6\u6587)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u96b1\u542b\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u7fa9\uff1a\u65e2\u7136\u300c\u8a31\u591a\u4e26\u806f\u7684\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u300d\u80fd\u5920\u6a21\u64ec\u96fb\u9c29\u9020\u6210\u7684\u89f8\u96fb\u6548\u61c9\uff0c\u96fb\u9c29\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u96fb\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u840a\u9813\u74f6\u88e1\u7684\u96fb\u4e26\u7121\u5dee\u7570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u67d0\u500b\u5c64\u9762\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u96fb\u5b78\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u5927\u696d\u4e0a\uff0c\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u8db3\u4ee5\u5ab2\u7f8e\u5bcc\u862d\u514b\u6797\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f3d\u4f10\u5c3c\u4ee5\u66f4\u5947\u602a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u96fb(\u5176\u7d50\u679c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u602a\u4eba\u300b\u7684\u5275\u4f5c)\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u897f\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u602a\u9b5a\u76f8\u5f62\u5931\u8272\uff0c\u4e45\u800c\u4e45\u4e4b\u4fbf\u9bae\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<figure 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