{"id":24813,"date":"2016-06-20T00:08:08","date_gmt":"2016-06-19T16:08:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=24813"},"modified":"2018-08-03T14:42:56","modified_gmt":"2018-08-03T06:42:56","slug":"%e3%80%90%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%e3%80%91majorana-%e7%b2%92%e5%ad%90%ef%bc%8c%e6%9c%89%e5%bd%b1%e7%84%a1%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=24813","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u3011Majorana \u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u6709\u5f71\u7121\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\u5229\u7528\u4e2d\u5b50\u649e\u64ca\u81ea\u65cb\u6db2\u9ad4\uff0c\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6f23\u6f2a\u7b26\u5408
\u5229\u7528\u4e2d\u5b50\u649e\u64ca\u81ea\u65cb\u6db2\u9ad4\uff0c\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6f23\u6f2a\u7b26\u5408 Majorana \u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u7279\u6027, credit: Oak Ridge National Laboratory<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u64b0\u6587\uff5c<\/strong>\u856d\u7dad\u7ff0<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u70ba\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u6b21\u539f\u5b50\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u61c9\u4e5f\u662f\u8207\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u6700\u89aa\u8fd1\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u4e86\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u5c11\u4e0d\u4e86\u96fb\u78c1\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u7576\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u96fb\u6d41\u4f86\u53bb\u7684\u80cc\u5f8c\u6a5f\u5236\u6642\uff0c\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5f97\u8a8d\u8b58\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728 1920 \u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u5230 1930 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\uff08P. A. M. Dirac\uff09\u5beb\u4e0b\u63cf\u8ff0\u76f8\u5c0d\u8ad6\u6027\u96fb\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u767c\u73fe\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e2d\u9664\u4e86\u96fb\u5b50\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\u5b7f\u751f\u5144\u5f1f\u2500\u2500\u6b63\u5b50\uff08positron\uff09\u3002\u9867\u540d\u601d\u7fa9\uff0c\u96fb\u5b50\u662f\u5e36\uff08\u8ca0\uff09\u96fb\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u5b50\u8ddf\u96fb\u5b50\u9577\u5f97\u5f88\u50cf\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u6b63\u5b50\u8ddf\u96fb\u5b50\u96fb\u6027\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5927\u6982\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u79d1\u666e\u6587\u53ef\u898b\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7c21\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50\uff08fermion\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7c92\u5b50\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u96fb\u5b50\u662f\u5e36\u96fb\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u9084\u6709\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\uff08boson\uff09\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\u96fb\u78c1\u6ce2\u5149\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u5149\u5b50\u662f\u96fb\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u773c\u4e0b\u6c92\u6709\u5be6\u9a57\u8b49\u64da\u8981\u6c42\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u8ddf\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u8655\u8655\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u7981\u6703\u554f\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7c92\u5b50\u8ddf\u4ed6\u7684\u89aa\u621a\u5011\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u96fb\u4e2d\u6027\u300d\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\"Ettore
Ettore Majorana, credit: wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u57c3\u6258\u96f7\u00b7\u99ac\u7d04\u62c9\u7d0d(E. Majorana) \u5728 1937 \u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u6578\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd [1]\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u99ac\u7d04\u62c9\u7d0d\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50(Majorana fermion)\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\u8ddf\u7c92\u5b50\u5fc5\u9808\u5e36\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u96fb\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9019\u500b\u7c92\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\u3002\u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0cMajorana \u5931\u8e64\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5176\u4eba\u5176\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u5f8c\u534a\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8b0e\u5718\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5373\u4fbf\u865b\u7121\u98c4\u6e3a\uff0c\u4f46\u7406\u8ad6\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u7c92\u5b50\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u6fc3\u539a\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5728\u8d85\u5c0d\u7a31\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u73bb\u8272\u5b50\u90fd\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50\u5925\u4f34\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u67b6\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u96fb\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u300c\u8d85\u5925\u4f34\u300d\u4fbf\u5f97\u662f\u500b\u96fb\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fae\u4e2d\u5b50\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u500b Majorana \u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u8b49\u5be6\u53ef\u900f\u904e\u89c0\u5bdf\u96d9beta\u8870\u8b8a\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa beta \u8870\u8b8a\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u5b50\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u8cea\u5b50\u3001\u96fb\u5b50\u548c\u5fae\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5fae\u4e2d\u5b50\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u76f8\u6e6e\u6ec5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e00\u5c0d\u4e2d\u5b50\u8870\u8b8a\u4fbf\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u91cb\u653e\u5169\u500b\u96fb\u5b50\u8207\u5169\u500b\u8cea\u5b50\u3002[ 2]<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u78ba\u8a8d\u5fae\u4e2d\u5b50\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u7121\u5fae\u4e2d\u5b50\u7684\u96d9
\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u78ba\u8a8d\u5fae\u4e2d\u5b50\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u53cd\u61c9\uff0c\u7121\u5fae\u4e2d\u5b50\u7684\u96d9 beta \u8870\u8b8a, credit: \u4f5c\u8005\u81ea\u7e6a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u5728\u4f4e\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u7c92\u5b50\u300d\u7684\u5716\u50cf\u6bd4\u8f03\u6c92\u6709\u50cf\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u90a3\u6a23\u660e\u78ba\u3002\u8b80\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u4e00\u500b\u7cfb\u7d71\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u65b9\u6c34\u6c60\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e1f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0f\u77f3\u982d\u9032\u53bb\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u6f23\u6f2a\u5f7c\u6b64\u5c0d\u649e\u3001\u7a7f\u8d8a\u7b49\u7b49\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u6e96\u7c92\u5b50\u300d\u5c31\u50cf\u9019\u4e9b\u6f23\u6f2a\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u4e0a\u7aae\u78a7\u843d\u5c0b\u4e0d\u904d\uff0c\u90a3\u5728\u56fa\u614b\u7cfb\u7d71\u9019\u4e9b\u6e96\u7c92\u5b50\u4e2d\u6709\u6c92\u6709 Majorana\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5462\uff1f\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u9ad8\u80fd\u7269\u7406\u5f15\u9032\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u4f86\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u5927\u7d04\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7d00\u672b A. Kitaev \u5728\u7814\u7a76\u91cf\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u6642\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6a21\u578b\u2500\u2500Kitaev \u93c8[3]\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\uff0c\u5728\u93c8\u7684\u5169\u7aef\u5404\u4f4f\u8457\u4e00\u500b Majorana \u7c92\u5b50; \u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u4e00\u822c\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50\u90fd\u6709\u6b63\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46Majorana \u7c92\u5b50\u662f\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53cd\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u6210\u662f\u300c\u534a\u500b\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50\u300d\u3002Kitaev\u93c8\u4e2d\u6240\u9810\u8a00\u7684\u614b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u96fb\u5b50\u88ab\u62c6\u6210\u5169\u534a\u653e\u5728\u9577\u93c8\u7684\u5169\u7aef\uff0c\u9019\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5132\u5b58\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5be6\u73fe\u91cf\u5b50\u8a08\u7b97\u8207\u91cf\u5b50\u96fb\u8166\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5341\u5e7e\u5e74\u5f8c\u9019\u4e5f\u8b8a\u6210\u56fa\u614b\u7269\u7406\u7684\u5e38\u8b58\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u662f\u706b\u71b1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5be6\u9a57\u4e0a\u8d85\u5c0e\u9ad4\u7b97\u662f\u500b\u597d\u7684\u5019\u9078\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d85\u5c0e\u9ad4\u4e2d\u7684\u6e96\u7c92\u5b50\uff1aBogoliubov \u7c92\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5e36\u6709\u660e\u78ba\u96fb\u8377\u7684\u8cbb\u7c73\u5b50\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u62d3\u6a38\u8d85\u5c0e\u9ad4\uff08topological superconductor\uff09\u7684\u8868\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u3002L. Fu \u8ddf C. Kane \u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6a21\u578b[4]\uff0c\u8a2d\u60f3\u628a\u4e00\u500b\u8d85\u5c0e\u9ad4\u8ddf\u62d3\u6a38\u7d55\u7de3\u9ad4\u758a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u53e4\u67cf\u5c0d\uff08Cooper pair\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a7f\u96a7\u5230\u5169\u8005\u7684\u754c\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u9019\u4e9b\u7c92\u5b50\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u4e26\u6703\u5728\u63a5\u9762\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u675f\u7e1b\u614b\u3002\u5f9e2012\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\uff0c\u4fbf\u6642\u6709\u89c0\u6e2c\u5230Majorana\u675f\u7e1b\u614b\u6587\u7ae0\u554f\u4e16\uff0c\u8377\u862d\u7684Kouwenhoven\u5718\u968a[5] \u8207\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684Heiblum\u5718\u968a [6]\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u5728\u8d85\u5c0e\u9ad4\u8207\u534a\u5c0e\u9ad4\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u5075\u6e2c\u5230\u96f6\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8a0a\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n

2014\u5e7410\u6708Princeton\u7684Yazdani\u5718\u968a [7] \u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u8d85\u5c0e\u9ad4\u4e0a\u69cb\u7bc9\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u9435\u78c1\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u93c8\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u5169\u7aef\u89c0\u6e2c\u5230\u4e86\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u675f\u7e1b\u614b\uff1b2016\u5e74 4 \u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u528d\u6a4b\u5927\u5b78\u70ba\u9996\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u8de8\u570b\u5718\u968a\u5728\u03b1-RuCl3\u9019\u7a2e\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u89c0\u6e2c\u5230\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207Majorana\u7c92\u5b50\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u5149\u8b5c [8]\u3002\u7a76\u7adf\u9019\u500b\u63a2\u7d22\u7b97\u4e0d\u7b97\u62cd\u677f\u5b9a\u6848\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u5e7e\u500b\u6708\u524d\u7b46\u8005\u9047\u5230\u4f86\u8a2a\u7684 C. Kane\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u554f\u8d77\u56fa\u614b\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d Majorana \u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u73fe\u72c0\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u96f6\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u97ff\u61c9\u88ab\u89c0\u6e2c\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u56fa\u614b\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u5176\u5be6\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6a5f\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u9019\u4e9b\u8a0a\u865f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4e5f\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u5b9a\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea 1938\u5e74\u5931\u8e64\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1 E. Mojorana\u5176\u4eba\u5728 1960\u5e74\u5f8c\u4fbf\u5df2\u7d93\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u5c31\u8fd1\u5e74\u5176\u7c92\u5b50\u5728\u7269\u7406\u5708\u6380\u8d77\u7684\u72c2\u71b1\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u5c31\u50cf\u51b0\u8207\u706b\u4e4b\u6b4c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u2014\u201cWhat is dead may never die, but rises again harder and stronger.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599\uff1a<\/strong>
\n[1]E. Majorana, Nuovo Cimento 14<\/strong>, 171 (1937)
\n[2]D. Schmitz, private communication
\n[3] A. Kitaev, Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires<\/em>, arXiv:0010440
\n[4] L. Fu and C. Kane, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100<\/strong>, 096407 (2008)
\n[5] V. Mourik et al, Signatures of Majorana Fermions in Hybrid Superconductor-Semiconductor Nanowire Devices<\/em>, Science, 2012
\n[6] Anindya et al, Zero-bias peaks and splitting in an Al\u2013InAs nanowire topological superconductor as a signature of Majorana fermions<\/em>, Nature Physics, 2012
\n[7]Stevan Nadj-Perge et al. Observation of Majorana fermions in ferromagnetic atomic chains on a superconductor<\/em>. Science, 2014
\n[8] A. Banerjee et al. Proximate Kitaev quantum spin liquid behaviour in a honeycomb magnet<\/em>. Nature Materials<\/em>, 2016<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\"\u52a0\u5165\u597d\u53cb\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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