{"id":19028,"date":"2014-09-05T00:34:35","date_gmt":"2014-09-04T16:34:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=19028"},"modified":"2017-03-31T23:16:52","modified_gmt":"2017-03-31T15:16:52","slug":"%e3%80%90%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%a4%a7%e4%ba%ba%e7%89%a9%e3%80%91%e6%b3%95%e6%8b%89%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%8d%e7%82%ba%e4%ba%ba%e7%9f%a5%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e9%9d%a2%ef%bc%88%e5%85%ab%ef%bc%89%ef%bc%9a%e9%9b%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/case.ntu.edu.tw\/blog\/?p=19028","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u79d1\u5b78\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u3011\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u4e0d\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff08\u516b\uff09\uff1a\u96fb\u89e3\u5b9a\u5f8b"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"f0\"
\u4f0f\u6253(1745-1827) PHOTO: Wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\"t1\"<\/a>
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 <\/p>\n

\"f1\"
\u57161\uff1a19\u4e16\u7d00\u6240\u7528\u7684\u96fb\u91cf\u8a08PHOTO: Wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\"f2\"
\u57162\uff1a\u96fb\u934d\u5de5\u696d\u521d\u671f\u7684\u6a23\u5b50 PHOTO: Wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u65b0\u7684\u96fb\u5316\u5b78\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e<\/strong>
\n<\/strong>\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6240\u6709\u9818\u57df\u88e1\uff0c\u4e00\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u65b0\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u5c31\u6703\u9700\u8981\u8207\u4e4b\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u65b0\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u4ee3\u8868\u65b0\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u3002\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u70ba\u96fb\u78c1\u9818\u57df\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u96fb\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\u9700\u8981\u65b0\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u4e86\u5462\ufe56<\/p>\n

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\"f3\"
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\"f4\"
\u57164\uff1a\u201cExperimental Researches in Electricity,\u201d Vol. I\u7684\u5c01\u9762<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u4f55\u5f15\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e
\n<\/strong>\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7d93\u5c07\u70ba\u4f55\u8981\u9078\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u505a\u904e\u521d\u6b65\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u9084\u6709\u7bc7\u5e45\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u8b93\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6558\u8aaa\u5427\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u8ad6\u6587(\u8a3b5)<\/sup>\u7684\u958b\u982d\u90e8\u5206\u3002(\u8b6f\u8a3b: \u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u6bb5\u76f4\u63a5\u8b6f\u81ea\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u7684\u539f\u6587\u800c\u975e\u65e5\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u65e5\u8b6f\u6bb5\u843d)<\/strong><\/p>\n

661<\/strong>(\u8a3b6)<\/sup>\u90a3\u4e9b\u6211\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u524d\u6587\u505a\u904e\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u96fb\u5316\u5b78\u96fb\u89e3\u53cd\u61c9\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u78ba\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u5b83\u548c\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u767c\u73fe\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u5728\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u3001\u6709\u5df2\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u6db5\u7fa9\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u8aaa\u660e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u8209\u500b\u9019\u7a2e\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6709\u300c\u6975(pole)\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u524d\u9762\u52a0\u4e0a\u6b63\u8ca0\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u300c\u5438\u5f15\u300d\u300c\u6392\u65a5\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u7167\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6b63\u6975\u5438\u5f15\u6c27\u6c23\u548c\u9178\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u66f4\u7cbe\u78ba\u4e00\u9ede\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u6b63\u6975\u9020\u6210\u6c27\u6c23\u548c\u9178\u5728\u5176\u8868\u9762\u7522\u751f\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8ca0\u6975\u5c0d\u6c2b\u6c23\u7b49\u53ef\u71c3\u6027\u7269\u8cea\ufe51\u91d1\u5c6c\ufe51\u9e7d\u57fa\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4f7f\u7269\u8cea\u7522\u751f\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e26\u4e0d\u5728\u6975\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u8a72\u8655\u4e0d\u65b7\u5728\u5206\u89e3\u7269\u8cea\u3002\u6c27\u6c23\u548c\u9178\u5728\u8a72\u7269\u8cea\u8ca0\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u88ab\u653e\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u6c2b\u6c23\u548c\u91d1\u5c6c\u7b49\u7b49\u5247\u5728\u8a72\u7269\u8cea\u6b63\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u751f\u6210\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6587\uff1aTHE theory which I believe to be a true expression of the facts of electro-chemical decomposition, and which I have therefore detailed in a former series of these Researches, is so much at variance with those previously advanced, that I find the greatest difficulty in stating results, as I think, correctly, whilst limited to the use of terms which are current with a cer-tain accepted meaning. Of this kind is the term pole, with its prefixes of positive and negative, and the attached ideas of at-traction and repulaion. The general phraseology is that the positive pole attracts oxygen, acids, &c., or more cautiously, that it determines their evolution upon its surface; and that the negative pole acts in an equal manner upon hydrogen, combus-tibles, metals, and bases. According to my view, the deter-mining force is not at the poles, but within the body under de-composition; and the oxygen and acids are rendered at the negative extremity of that body, whilst hydrogen, metals, &c., are evolved at the positive extremity<\/em>.\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

662 <\/strong>\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u6df7\u6dc6\u548c\u62d0\u5f4e\u62b9\u89d2\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u70ba\u4e86\u6709\u66f4\u7cbe\u78ba\u7684\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u6211\u548c\u5169\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\u85c9\u7531\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5354\u52a9\u8207\u8a8d\u53ef\uff0c\u6211\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u8981\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e26\u4f7f\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u6975\u300d\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5728\u96fb\u5c07\u7269\u8cea\u5206\u89e3\u6642\uff0c\u96fb\u6d41\u51fa\u6216\u6d41\u5165\u7684\u4e00\u6247\u9580\u6216\u662f\u901a\u8def\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u7576\u300c\u6975\u300d\u8207\u5206\u89e3\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u63a5\u89f8\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u300c\u6975\u300d\u662f\u96fb\u6d41\u6d41\u52d5\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6975\u9650\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6975\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u662f\u88ab\u7528\u5728\u63a5\u89f8\u5206\u89e3\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u91d1\u5c6c\u8868\u9762\u3002\u4f46\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u7528\u5728\u88ab\u96fb\u89e3\u7684\u7a7a\u6c23\u548c\u6c34\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5c31\u6709\u5f85\u5546\u69b7\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6211\u5efa\u8b70\u4ee5\u300celectrode(\u96fb\u6975)\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u53d6\u4ee3\u300c\u6975(pole)\u300d\u3002\u96fb\u6975\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u96fb\u6d41\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u756b\u51fa\u5206\u89e3\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u90e8\u4f4d\uff0c\u96fb\u6975\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7a7a\u6c23\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6c34\uff0c\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u96fb\u6975\u7684\u8868\u9762\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6587\uff1a<\/span><\/span>662. To avoid, therefore, confusion and circumlocution, and for the sake of greater precision of expression than I can other-wise obtain, I have deliberately considered the subject with two friends, and with their assistance and concurrence in framing them, I purpose henceforward using certain other term, which I will now define. The poles, as they are usually called, are only the doors or ways by which the electric current passes into and out of the decomposing body; and they of course, when in contact with that body, are the limits of its extent in the direction of the current. The term has been generally ap-plied to the metal surfaces in contact with the decomposing substance; but whether philosophers generally would also ap-ply it to the surfaces of air and water, against which I have effected electro-chemical decomposition, is sub-ject to doubt. In place of the term pole, I propose using that of Electrode*, and I mean thereby that aubstance, or rather surface, whether of air, water, metal, or any other body, which bounds the extent of the decomposing matter in the direction of the electric current.<\/span><\/em>\uff09<\/p>\n

663<\/strong>\u82e5\u4f9d\u7167\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u96fb\u6d41\u9032\u51fa\u5206\u89e3\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u8868\u9762\u662f\u53cd\u61c9\u9032\u884c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u8981\u6e05\u695a\u5340\u5225\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u300c\u6975\u300d\u901a\u5e38\u8207\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\u76f8\u9023\uff0c\u800c\u76f8\u5c0d\u4f86\u8aaa\u300c\u96fb\u6975\u300d\u6c38\u9060\u8207\u53cd\u61c9\u7269\u76f8\u9023\u3002\u6211\u671f\u671b\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u96fb\u6d41\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u57fa\u6e96\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u8868\u73fe\u5169\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8ad6\u5c0d\u61c9\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u5730\u7403\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5730\u78c1\u662f\u570d\u7e5e\u5728\u5730\u7403\u5468\u570d\u7684\u96fb\u6d41\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u96fb\u6d41\u5c31\u61c9\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u82e5\u4f9d\u9019\u88e1\u5730\u78c1\u7684\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u8aaa\u96fb\u6d41\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u7531\u6771\u5411\u897f\u300d\u3002\u6216\u8aaa\u662f\u592a\u967d\u904b\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8f03\u597d\u8a18\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8a2d\u60f3\u6240\u6709\u96fb\u5316\u5b78\u5206\u89e3\u53cd\u61c9\u4e2d\u88ab\u5206\u89e3\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u7684\ufe55\u8cab\u7a7f\u5b83\u7684\u96fb\u6d41\u548c\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\u7684\u96fb\u6d41\u65b9\u5411\u76f8\u540c\u4e14\u5e73\u884c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u500b\u7269\u8cea\u4e0a\u6709\u96fb\u6d41\u9032\u51fa\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6301\u7e8c\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u96fb\u6d41\u61c9\u8a72\u5177\u6709\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7a31\u547c\u9019\u500b\u5f80\u6771\u7684\u96fb\u6975\u70ba\u300canode\u300d\u5f80\u897f\u7684\u96fb\u6975\u70ba\u300ccathode\u300d\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6587\uff1a<\/span><\/span>663. The surfaces at which, according to common phraseo-logy, the electric current enters and leaves a decomposing body, are most important places of action, and require to be distin-guished apart from the poles, with which they are mostly, and the electrodes, with which they are always, in contact. Wishing for a natural standard of electric direction to which I might re-fer these, expressive of their difference and at the same time free from all theory, I have thought it might be found in the earth. If the magnetism of the earth be due to electric cur-rents passing round it, the latter must be in a constant direction, which, according to present usage of speech, would be from east tp west, or, which will strengthen this help to the memory, that in which the sun appears to move. If in any case of elec-tro-decomposition we consider the decomposing body as placed so that the current passing through it shall be in the same di-rection, and parallel to that supposed to exist in the earth, then the surfaces at which the electricity is passing into and out of the substance would have an invariable reference, and exhibit constantly the same relations of powers. Upon this notion we purpose calling that towards the east the anodet, and that towarts the west the cathode.\uff09<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c31\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u96fb\u89e3\u8cea\ufe51\u96fb\u89e3\ufe51\u967d\u96e2\u5b50\ufe51\u9670\u96e2\u5b50\ufe51\u96e2\u5b50\u7b49\u7b49\u88ab\u4e00\u4e00\u4ecb\u7d39\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u65b0\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u88ab\u63d0\u8b70\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u3002**\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u6587\u98a8\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u76f8\u7576\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u9084\u6bd4\u8f03\u50cf\u662f\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u7684\u98a8\u683c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5c08\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u6642\u7a7a\u80cc\u666f\u88ab\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2605\u4e0b\u56de\u9810\u544a\u300c\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u548c\u793e\u6703\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2<\/a>\u300d<\/strong><\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u8a3b\u89e3\uff1a<\/strong>
\n*1 Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (1745-1827) \ufe55 \u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u8005\u3002
\n*2 \u201cIdentities of Electricities derived from different sources. In Experimental Researches in Electricity, Vol. I,\u201d (1839).
\n*3 \u00a0voltameter.
\n*4 William Whewell (1794-1866) \ufe55\u82f1\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u662f\u624d\u83ef\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7684\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u958b\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6(sceientist)\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u800c\u8457\u540d\u3002
\n*5 \u201cOn Electro-chemical Decomposition, continued. In Experimental Researches in Electricity,\u201d Vol. I (1839), p.195.\u3002
\n*6\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u5728\u201d Experimental Researches in Electricity\u201d\u51683\u5377\u7684\u5404\u6bb5\u90fd\u6709\u6a19\u4e0a\u865f\u78bc\u3002\u4e2d\u9593\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u8a31\u6df7\u4e82\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5230 Vol III\u7d50\u5c3e\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u865f\u78bc\u662f3362\u3002
\n**\u8cac\u7de8\u8a3b\uff1a\u9019\u4e9b\u96fb\u89e3\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u6210\u70ba50\u5e74\u5f8c\u6c34\u6eb6\u6db2\u5316\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u51e1\u7279\u4f55\u592b\u3001\u963f\u745e\u5c3c\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u6cbf\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u540d\u8a5e\u3002\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u7ffb\u8b6f\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u8b6f\u8a5e\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

--<\/strong>
\n \u539f\u6587\u51fa\u8655\uff1a\u9023\u8f09\u65bc\u300e\u5316\u5b66\u300f\uff0c68\uff085\uff09\uff0c22\uff082013\uff09\uff08\u5316\u5b66\u540c\u4eba\u793e\uff09<\/strong>
\n \u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u7af9\u5167\u30fb\u656c\u4eba Takeuchi Yoshito\uff0c\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u540d\u8b7d\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u795e\u5948\u5ddd\u5927\u5b78\u540d\u8b7d\u6559\u6388\u3002 1962\u5e74\u53d6\u5f97\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u5927\u5b78\u9662\u7406\u5b78\u9662\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\u3002<\/strong><\/span>
\n \u8cac\u4efb\u7de8\u8f2f\uff1a\u9673\u7af9\u4ead\uff0c\u5316\u5b78\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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